-
1 παρά
πᾰρά [pron. full] [ρᾰ], [dialect] Ep. and Lyr. also [full] παραί: shortd. [full] πάρ, in Hom., Lyr. (but rarely in Trag., in lyr. passages, A.Supp. 553, S.Tr. 636), and in all dial ects exc. [dialect] Att., GDI5434.8 ([place name] Paros), IG5(2).3.14 (Tegea, iv B. C.), Inscr.Magn.26.28 (Thess.), etc.:—Prep. c. gen., dat., and acc., prop.A beside: hence,A WITH GEN. prop. denoting motion from the side of, from beside, from:I of Place,πὰρ νηῶν ἔλθωμεν Il.13.744
;παρὰ ναῦφιν ἐλευσόμεθ' 12.225
, etc.;παρ' Ὠκεανοῖο ῥοάων.. ἐπερχομένη Od.22.197
;πὰρ νηῶν ἀπώσεται Il.8.533
, etc.;δῶρα π. νηὸς ἐνεικέμεν 19.194
;φάσγανον ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος π. μηροῦ 1.190
, cf. 21.173;σπασσάμενος.. ἄορ παχέος π. μηροῦ 16.473
; πλευρὰ παρ' ἀσπίδος ἐξεφαάνθη was exposed beside the shield, 4.468, cf. A.Th. 624.II commonly of Persons,1 with Verbs of going or coming, bringing, etc.,ἦλθε.. πὰρ Διός Il.2.787
;παρ' Αἰήταο πλέουσα Od.12.70
, etc.;ἀγγελίη ἥκει π. βασιλέος Hdt.8.140
.ά; αὐτομολήσαντες π. βασιλέως X.An.1.7.13
;ἐξεληλυθὼς παρ' Ἀριστάρχου D.21.117
; ὁ π. τινὸς ἥκων his messenger, X.Cyr.4.5.53; soοἱ π. τινός Th.7.10
, Ev.Marc.3.21, etc.;ὅστις ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν π. βασιλέως πρὸς αὐτόν X.An.1.1.5
, etc.; τεύχεα καλὰ φέρουσα παρ' Ἡφαίστοιο from his workshop, Il.18.137, cf. 617, etc.;ἀπαγγέλλειν τι π. τινός X.An.2.1.20
;σὺ δὲ οἰμώζειν αὐτοῖς παρ' ἐμοῦ λέγε Luc.DMort.1.2
.2 issuing from a person, γίγνεσθαι π. τινός to be born from, Pl.Smp. 179b; λόγος (sc. ἐστί) π. Ἀθηναίων c. acc. et inf., Hdt.8.55: freq. following a Noun, δόξα ἡ π. τῶν ἀνθρώπων glory from (given by) men, Pl.Phdr. 232a; ἡ π. τινὸς εὔνοια the favour from, i. e. of, any one, X.Mem.2.2.12; τὸ παρ' ἐμοῦ ἀδίκημα done by me, Id.Cyr.5.5.13; τὰ π. τινός all that issues from any one, as commands, commissions, Id.An.2.3.4, etc.; or promises, gifts, presents, Id.Mem.3.11.13; τὰ παρ' ἐμοῦ my opinions, Pl.Smp. 219a; παρ' ἑωυτοῦ διδούς giving from oneself, i. e. from one's own means, Hdt. 2.129, 8.5;παρ' ἑαυτοῦ προσετίθει X.HG6.1.3
; νόμον θὲς παρ' ἐμοῦ by my advice, Pl.Prt. 322d; αὐτοὶ παρ' αὑτῶν of themselves, Id.Tht. 150d, cf. Phdr. 235c.3 with Verbs of receiving, obtaining, and the like ,τυχεῖν τινος π. τινός Od.6.290
, 15.158;πὰρ δ' ἄρα μιν Ταφίων πρίατο 14.452
;ἀρέομαι πὰρ μὲν Σαλαμῖνος Ἀθαναίων χάριν Pi.P.1.76
;εὑρέσθαι τι π. τῶν θεῶν Isoc.9.14
, cf. IG12.40.10; δέχεσθαι, λαμβάνειν, ἁρπάζειν π. τινός, Th.1.20, X.Oec.9.11, Hes.Th. 914; ἀντιάσαι, αἰτήσασθαι π. τινός, S.El. 870 (lyr.), X.HG3.1.4;ἀξιοῖ π. τοῦ ἰατροῦ φάρμακον πιὼν ἐξεμέσαι τὸ νόσημα Pl.R. 406d
;κόσμος τοῖς πράξασι γίγνεται π. τῶν ἀκουσάντων Id.Mx. 236e
: without Verb,ὁ καρπὸς ὁ π. τῶν δημάρχων IG12.76.27
: with Verbs of learning, etc.,μεμαθηκέναι π. τινῶν Hdt.2.104
, etc.4 with [voice] Pass. Verbs,πὰρ Διὸς.. μῆνις ἐτύχθη Il.15.122
;π. θεῶν ἡ τοιαύτη μανία δίδοται Pl.Phdr. 245c
, etc.; τὰ π. τῶν θεῶν σημαινόμενα, συμβουλευόμενα, X.Cyr.1.6.2; τὰ π. τινὸς λεγόμενα ib.6.1.42; τὰ π. τῆς τύχης δωρηθέντα the presents of.., Isoc.4.26;με π. σοῦ σοφίας πληρωθήσεσθαι Pl.Smp. 175e
.III rarely for παρά c. dat., by, near,πὰρ ποδός Pi.P.10.62
, 3.60; παρὰ δὲ κυανέων πελαγέων dub. l. in S.Ant. 966 (lyr.);τὸν Ῥειτὸν τὸν παρὰ τοῦ ἄστεως IG12.81.5
; πολλοὶ παρ' ἀμφοτέρων ἔπιπτον, = ἀμφοτέρωθεν, D.S.19.42.B WITH DAT. denoting rest by the side of any person or thing, answering the question where?I of Places, κατ' ἂρ ἕζετ'.. πὰρ πυρί, ἔκειτο π. σηκῷ, Od.7.154, 9.319;νέμονται π. πέτρῃ 13.408
;ἑσταότες παρ ὄχεσφιν Il.8.565
; πὰρ ποσὶ μαρναμένων ἐκυλίνδετο at their feet, 14.411, etc.; π. θύρῃσι at the door, 7.346;π. ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης 2.773
;δεῖπνον.. εἵλοντο παρ' ὄχθῃσιν ποταμοῖο Od.6.97
, cf. Il.4.475, 20.53, etc.;κεῖσθαι παρ' Ἅιδῃ S.OT 972
; παρ' οἴνῳ over wine, ib. 780, etc.II of persons, beside,πὰρ δὲ οἷ αὐτῷ εἷσε Θεοκλύμενον Od.15.285
;κεῖτο παρὰ μνηστῇ ἀλόχῳ Il.9.556
, cf. 6.246, etc.;παρ' ἀνδράσιν εὐνάζεσθαι Od.5.119
;δαίνυσθαι π. τινί 8.243
; πὰρ δέ οἱ ἑστήκει stood by him, Il.4.367.2 at one's house or place, with one,μένειν π. τισί 9.427
;θητευέμεν ἄλλῳ, ἀνδρὶ παρ' ἀκλήρῳ Od.11.490
;φιλέεσθαι π. τινί Il.13.627
; παρ' ἑωυτοῖσι at their own house, Hdt.1.105, cf. 86;παιδευθῆναι π. τινί X.Cyr.1.2.15
;καταλύειν π. τινί D.18.82
(butπαρά τινα καταλῦσαι Th.1.136
), etc.: hence οἱ παρ' ἐμοί those of my household, X.Mem.2.7.4, etc.; τὰ παρ' ἐμοί life with me, Id.An. 1.7.4; οἱ παρ' ἡμῖν ἄνθρωποι our people, Pl.Phd. 64b; ἡ παρ' ἡμῖν πολιτεία, ὁ παρ' ὑμῖν δῆμος, D.15.19; ὁ παρ' αὑτῷ βίοτος one's own life, S.OT 612;τὸ παρ' ἡμῖν πῦρ Pl.Phlb. 29f
; ;τὸ παρ' ἡμῖν σῶμα Pl.Phlb. 29f
; also, in one's hands,τὰ π. τοῖς Ἑλληνοταμίαις ὄντα IG12.91.6
;ἔχειν παρ' ἑωυτῷ Hdt. 1.130
, etc.; οὔπω παρ' ἐμοὶ τότ' ἦν λέγειν I had no right to speak then, Men.Epit.98.3 before, in the presence of,ἤειδε π. μνηστῆρσιν Od. 1.154
; before a judge,δίκας γίγνεσθαι π. τῷ πολεμάρχῳ IG12.16.9
;π. Δαρείῳ κριτῇ Hdt.3.160
;π. τῷ βασιλέϊ Id.4.65
;παρὰ δικασταῖς Th. 1.73
;εἰς κρίσιν καθιστάναι τινὰ π. τισί D.18.13
: hence παρ' ἐμοί in my judgement, Hdt.1.32, cf. S.Tr. 589, E.Heracl. 881, 1 Ep.Cor.3.19; π. τούτῳ μέγα δυνήσεται with him, Pl.Grg. 510e.4 in quoting authors, παρ' Ἐφόρῳ, παρ' Αἰσχίνῃ, π. Θουκυδίδῃ, in Ephorus, etc., Plb. 9.2.4, D.H.Comp.9,18.III Arc., = π. c. gen., from,καθὰ εἶχον τὰς ἰντολὰς π. τᾷ ἰδίᾳ πόλι SIG559.9
(Megalop., iii B. C.), cf. 558.10 (Ithaca, iii B. C.).C WITH ACCUS. in three main senses,I beside, near, by,II along,III past, beyond.I beside, near, by:1 with Verbs of coming, going, etc., to the side of, to,ἴτην π. νῆας Il.1.347
, cf. 8.220, etc.;βῆ.. π. θῖνα 1.34
, cf. 327, etc.; τρέψας πὰρ ποταμόν to the side of.., 21.603, cf. 3.187: more freq. of persons, εἶμι παρ' Ἥφαιστον to the chamber of H., 18.143, cf. Od.1.285, etc.;ἐσιόντες π. τοὺς φίλους Th.2.51
, etc.;φοιτᾶν π. τὸν Σωκράτη Pl.Phd. 59d
; πέμπειν ἀγγέλους, πρέσβεις π. τινά, Hdt. 1.141, Th.1.58, etc.;ἄγειν π. τινά Hdt.1.86
;καταφυγὴ π. φίλων τινάς Th.2.17
.2 with Verbs of rest, beside, near, by, sts. with ref. to past motion (expressed in such phrases asἧσο παρ' αὐτὸν ἰοῦσα Il.3.406
, cf. 11.577), , cf. 13.372; κεῖται ποταμοῖο παρ' ὄχθας lies stretched beside.., Il.4.487, cf. 12.381; παρ' ἔμ' ἵστασο come and stand by me, 11.314, cf. 592, 20.49, etc.;π. πυθμέν' ἐλαίης θῆκαν Od.13.122
;καταθέτω π. τὰ ἴκρια IG12.94.28
; κοιμήσαντο π. πρυμνήσια they lay down by.., Od.12.32, cf. 3.460;ὁ παρ' ἐμὲ καθήμενος Pl.Euthd. 271b
, cf. Phd. 89b; ἐκάθητο π. τὴν πύλην, π. τὴν ὁδόν, LXX Ge.19.1, Ev.Marc. 10.46;παρ' αὐτὸν τὸν καλέσαντα κατακείμενος δειπνῆσαι Thphr.Char. 21.2
, cf. Pl.Smp. 175c;ἐκαθέζετο π. τὸν Λύσιν Id.Ly. 211a
, cf. R. 328c;στὰς παρ' αὐτόν Id.Phd. 116c
;τέμενος νεμόμεσθα.. παρ' ὄχθας Il.12.313
, cf. 6.34, IG12.943.45;τοῦ Εὐρίπου, παρ' ὃν ᾤκει Aeschin.3.90
;κατελείφθη π. τὸν νηόν Hdt.4.87
;τὴν παρ' ἐμὲ ἐοῦσαν δύναμιν Id.8.140
.ά (v.l. ἐμοί); εἶπεν αὐτῷ μένειν παρ' ἑαυτόν X.Cyr.1.4.18
, cf. An.1.9.31, Ar.Fr. 451, Is.8.16, Alex.248, Demetr.Com. Nov.1.5, IG22.654.23 (iii B. C.), Plb.3.26.1, 11.14.3, 28.14.3;ἡ π. θάλασσαν Μακεδονία Th.2.99
, cf. S.El. 184 (lyr.), Tr. 636 (lyr.);Καρβασυανδῆς π. Καῦνον IG12.204.52
;τὸ κουρεῖον τὸ π. τοὺς Ἑρμᾶς Lys.23.3
, cf. And.1.62, Is.6.20, 8.35, Aeschin. 1.182, 3.88, Lycurg.112; (1).109 iii 146 (Epid.); παρ' ὄμμα before one's eyes, E.Supp. 484; π. πόδας on the spot, Phld.Ir.p.78 W., Rh.2.2 S.; immediately thereafter, Plb.1.7.5, 1.8.2, al.b [dialect] Dor., [dialect] Boeot., and Thess., = supr. B. 11.2, at the house of.., with a person, IG7.3171.7 (Orchom. [dialect] Boeot.), GDI 1717 (Delph.); παρ' ἁμὲ πολυτίματος [ὁ σῖτος] Ar.Ach. 759 (Megar.);τοῖς κατοικέντεσσι πὰρ ἀμμέ IG9(2).517.18
(Larissa, iii B. C.); τοῖ πὰρ ἀμμὲ πολιτεύματος ib.13;πεπολιτευκὼρ πὰρ ἁμέ Schwyzer 425.5
(Elis, iii/ii B. C.): so in [dialect] Att., θέμενος π. γυναῖκας depositing with.., Pl. R. 465c.3 with Verbs of striking, wounding, etc.,βάλε στῆθος π. μαζόν Il.4.480
, etc.;τὸν δ' ἕτερον.. κληῗδα παρ' ὦμον πλῆξε 5.146
;τύψε κατὰ κληῗδα παρ' αὐχένα 21.117
, cf. 4.525, 8.325, etc.; , cf. 17.310; δησάμενος τελαμῶνι π. σφυρόν ib. 290.4 with Verbs of placing, examining, etc., side by side with..,ὁ ἔλεγχος π. τὸν ἔλεγχον παραβαλλόμενος Pl.Grg. 475e
, cf. Hp.Mi. 369c, Smp. 214c, R. 348a; ;ἄλλα παρ' ἄλλατιθέμενα.. τῶν χρωμάτων Arist.Mete. 375a24
.b Geom., παραβάλλειν π. apply an area to (i. e. along) a finite straight line, Euc.1.44, Archim.Aequil.2.1;π. τὴν δοθεῖσαν αὐτοῦ γραμμὴν παρατείναντα Pl. Men. 87a
; ἡ [εὐθεῖα] παρ' ἣν δύνανται αἱ καταγόμεναι τεταγμένως the line to which are applied the squares of the or dinates, etc., Apollon. Perg.Con.1.11: hence,c Arith., παραβάλλειν τι π. τι divide by.. (v.παραβάλλω A.
VII. 2);μερίζω τι π. τι Dioph.4.33
; ἐπὶ γ π. ί multiply by 3 and divide by 10, PLond.5.1718.2 (vi A. D.).5 Geom., parallel to.., Democr.155, Arist. Top. 158b31, Archim.Sph. Cyl.1.12, al.6 metaph. in Gramm., like, as a parody of.., π. τὸ Σοφόκλειον, π. τὰ ἐν Τεύκρῳ Σοφοκλέους, Sch.Ar.Av. 1240, Nu. 584.b Gramm., of words which differ as compared with other words, π. τὸ τοῦ ἔρωτος ὄνομα σμικρὸν παρηγμένον ἐστίν.. [τὸ ἥρως] Pl.Cra. 398d, cf. 399a, Lg. 654a: hence, derived from.., π. τὸ ἔδαφος, δάπεδον, A.D. Pron.31.16; π. τὸ δρῶ δρᾶμα Sch.A.R.2.624;σύγκειται [τὸ αὐθέντης] π. τὸ εἷναι.. καὶ π. τὸ αὐτός Phryn.PSp.24
B.7 generally, of Comparison, alongside of, compared with, usu. implying superiority,δοκέοντες π. ταῦτα οὐδ' ἂν τοὺς σοφωτάτους ἀνθρώπων Αἰγυπτίους οὐδὲν ἐπεξευρεῖν Hdt.2.160
, cf. 7.20, 103;ἡλίου ἐκλείψεις αἳ πυκνότεραι π. τὰ ἐκ τοῦ πρὶν χρόνου μνημονευόμενα ξυνέβησαν Th.1.23
, cf. 4.6;τῶν ἁπάντων ἀπερίοπτοί εἰσι π. τὸ νικᾶν Id.1.41
;π. τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα ὥσπερ θεοὶ ἄνθρωποι βιοτεύουσι X.Mem.1.4.14
;φαίνεται π. τὸ ἀλγεινὸν ἡδὺ καὶ π. τὸ ἡδὺ ἀλγεινὸν ἡ ἡσυχία Pl.R. 584a
, cf. Phdr. 236d, La. 183c, al.;εὐδαίμων μᾶλλον π. πάντας BCH26.332
([place name] Halae);προετέρει π. πάντας PSI 4.422.34
(iii B. C.): sts. implying inferiority or defect, ἠλάττωσας αὐτὸν βραχύ τι παρ' ἀγγέλους a little lower than the angels, LXX Ps. 8.6; μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ ὑστεροῦσι π. τὸν ἥλιον lag one day behind the sun, Gem.8.19; so perh. παρ' αὐτόν, ὑπὲρ αὐτόν (has passed the ball?) short of him, beyond him, Antiph.234; μέγα τοι ἡμέρα παρ' ἡμέραν γιγνομένη γνώμην ἐξ ὀργῆς μεταστῆσαι one day compared with another is important.., a day's delay makes a difference, Antipho 5.72; τί γὰρ παρ' ἦμαρ ἡμέρα τέρπειν ἔχει προσθεῖσα κἀναθεῖσα τοῦ γε κατθανεῖν; what joy has one day compared with another to offer, since it only brings us nearer to, or farther from, death (which is neither good nor evil)? S.Aj. 475; ὃς μὲν κρίνει (prefers) ἡμέραν παρ' ἡμέραν, ὃς δὲ κρίνει (approves)πᾶσαν ἡμέραν Ep.Rom.14.5
.8 with Verbs of estimating, to set at so and so much, hence π. = equivalent to.., ταρβῶ μὴ.. θῆται παρ' οὐδὲν τὰς ἐμὰς ἐπιστολάς set at nought, E.IT 732, cf. A. Ag. 229 (lyr.);παρ' οὐδὲν ἄγειν S.Ant.35
; π. μικρὸν ἡγεῖσθαι or ποιεῖσθαί τι hold of small account, Isoc.5.79, D.61.51;παρ' ὀλίγον ποιεῖσθαί τινα X.An.6.6.11
; so with εἶναι, etc., παρ' οὐδέν ἐστι are as nothing, S.OT 983, cf. Ant. 466; ;οὐ π. μέγα ἔσεσθαι τὸ πταῖσμα Arr.An.1.18.6
; so perh. π. σμικρὰ κεχώρηκε have turned out of little account, have amounted to little, Hdt.1.120.b in Accountancy, without a verb, π. τὴν καταλλαγήν on account of κ., PHib.1.100.4 (iii B. C.).9 of correspondence, ὀφείλειν στατῆρα π. στατῆρα stater for stater (one to each of two creditors), BCH50.214 (Thasos, v B. C.);πληγὴν π. πληγὴν ἑκάτερον Ar.Ra. 643
; συνεῖναι ἑκατέρῳ ἡμέραν παρ' ἡμέραν stayed day for day with each, D.59.46; hence of alternation, ποιεῖσθαι ἁγνείας καὶ θυσίας δύο π. δύο, of four priests acting two and two alternately, BGU1198.12 (i B. C.); τοῦ καθημερινοῦ ἢ μίαν π. μίαν (sc. ἡμέραν) [πυρετοῦ] quotidian or tertian fever, ib.956.3 (iii A. D.): sts. without doubling of the Noun, παρ' ἡμέρην, opp. καθ' ἡμέρην, tertian, opp. quotidian, Hp.Aph.1.12; καθ' ἡμέραν, παρ' ἡμέραν, π. δύο, π. τρεῖς every day, every second day, every third (fourth) day, Arr.Epict.2.18.13; π. μίαν every second day, Plb.3.110.4; παρ' ἐνιαυτόν every second year, Plu.Cleom.15; παρ' ἔτος year and year about, Arist.GA 757a7; every second year, Paus.8.15.2; π. μέρος by turns (v. μέρος II. 2);ὁ ἀνὰ μέρος παρ' ἓξ μῆνας ὑπὲρ γῆν τε καὶ ὑπὸ γῆν γινόμενος Ἄδωνις Corn. ND28
; π. μῆνα τρίτον every third month, Arist.HA 582b4, cf. Plu.2.942e; but π. τρία [ἔτεα] prob. every fourth year, IG5(2).422 ([place name] Phigalea), cf. Arr.Epict. l.c.; ἕνα παρ' ἕνα παραλειπτέον every second one, Nicom.Ar.1.18; ἕνα π. δύο ([etym.] τρεῖς) every third (fourth) one, ibid.; παρὰ δ' ἄλλαν ἄλλα μοῖρα διώκει now one now another, E.Heracl. 611.10 precisely at the moment of, παρ' αὐτὰ τἀδικήματα flagrante delicto, D.18.13, 21.26;ἀποδώσω π. τὸν εὔθυνον τὸ καθῆκον IG12.188.31
; π. τοιοῦτον καιρόν, π. τὰς χρείας, D.20.41,46; π. τὰ δεινά in the midst of danger, Plu.Ant.63;π. τὴν πρώτην γένεσιν Jul.Or.1.10b
; π. τὴν πρώτην (sc. ἐπίθεσιν) at the first attack, Hld.9.2;π. γε τὴν πρώτην ὁρμήν Ael.NA14.10
.b distributively, whether of Time, π. τὰ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτεα in each complete period of seventy years, Hdt.1.32;ἐν ταῖς ὁδοιπορίαις π. στάδια διακόσια.. τοῖς ἑκατὸν σταδίοις διήνεγκαν ἀλλήλων X.Oec.20.18
; πὰρ Ϝέτος each year, every year, Tab.Heracl. 1.101;π. τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἕκαστον IG12(7).5.14
([place name] Amorgos); παρ' ἆμάρ τε καὶ νύκτα day and night, B.Fr.7; or more generally, πὰρ τὰν ἐλαίαν in respect of each olive plant, Tab.Heracl.1.122; παρ' ἡμέραν αἱ ἀμίαι πολὺ ἐπιδήλως αὐξάνονται from day to day, per day, Arist.HA 571a21;τὸ παρ' ἑκάστην βάσιν γινόμενον μικρὸν πολὺ γίνεται π. πολλάς Id.Pr. 881b26
;ἡ παρ' ἡμέραν χάρις D.8.70
;τὸ παρ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἡδύ Pl. Lg. 705a
.c παρ' ἆμαρ on (this) day, to-day, τὸ μὲν πὰρ ἆμαρ, τὸ δέ .. to-day and to-morrow, Pi.P.11.63; but παρ' ἦμαρ to-morrow, S. OC 1455 (lyr.).d throughout a period of time,π. τὴν ζόην Hdt. 7.46
;π. τὸν βίον ἅπαντα Pl.Lg. 733a
;π. πάντα τὸν χρόνον D.18.10
; also more loosely, during, π. τὴν πόσιν while they were drinking, Hdt.2.121.δ; π. τὸν πότον Aeschin.2.156
;π. τὴν κύλικα Plu.Ant.24
; π. δεῖπνον or π. τὸ δεῖπνον, Id.2.737a,674f.II along,ὄνος παρ' ἄρουραν ἰών Il.11.558
;βῆ δὲ θέειν π. τεῖχος 12.352
;π. ῥόον Ὠκεανοῖο ᾔομεν Od. 11.21
;ἔπλεον π. τὴν ἤπειρον Hdt.7.193
;π. πᾶσαν τὴν ὁδόν Isoc.4.148
; ὀρθὴν παρ' οἶμον.. τύμβον κατόψει straight along the road, E.Alc. 835;παρ' ὅλην τὴν φάραγγα Plb.10.30.3
; παρ' αὐτὴν τὴν χαράδραν παραπορευομένων ib.9; for παραβάλλειν π., v. supr. c. 1.4b.2 strictly according to, without deviating from,εἶμι π. στάθμην ὀρθὴν ὁδόν Thgn. 945
, cf. S.Fr.474.5; ὠμοί τε δούλοις πάντα καὶ π. στάθμην, i.e. too strict, A.Ag. 1045; π. τὸν λόγον ὃν ἀποφέρουσιν.. ἐπιδείξω I will prove to you strictly according to the accounts which they themselves submit, D.27.34.III past, beyond,παρὰ σκοπιὴν καὶ ἐρινεὸν ἠνεμόεντα.. ἐσσεύοντο Il.22.145
, cf. Od.3.172, 24.12;βῆ δὲ π. Κρουνούς h.Ap. 425
; π. τὴν Βαβυλῶνα παριέναι pass by Babylon, X.Cyr.5.2.29; παρ' αὐτὴν τὴν χύτραν ἄκραν ὁρῶντες looking over the edge of.., Ar.Av. 390.2 metaph., over and above, in addition to,οὐκ ἔστι π. ταῦτ' ἄλλα Id.Nu. 698
;π. ταῦτα πάντα ἕτερόν τι Pl.Phd. 74a
, cf.R. 337d, D.18.139, X.HG 1.5.5; ἑκὼν ἐπόνει π. τοὺς ἄλλους more than the others, Id.Ages.5.3, cf. Mem.4.4.1, Oec.20.16;ἃ τῷ ῥαψῳδῷ προσήκει καὶ σκοπεῖσθαι καὶ διακρίνειν π. τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους Pl. Ion 539e
.3 metaph., in excess over, πὰρ δύναμιν beyond one's strength, Il.13.787, cf. Th.1.70, Hyp.Lyc.16, Arist.Rh.Al. 1423b29;π. τὴν δ. Id.Po. 1451b38
.4 metaph., in transgression or violation of,π. μοῖραν Od.14.509
;π. μοῖραν Δίος Alc.Supp. 14.10
; παρ' αἶσαν, παρὰ δίκαν, Pi.P.8.13, O.2.16, etc.;π. τὸ δίκαιον Th.5.90
, etc.; π. τὰς σπονδάς, τὸν νόμον, Id.1.67, X.HG1.7.14;π. φύσιν Th.6.17
, cf. Pl.Lg. 747b; π. τὴν στήλην prob. in IG12.45.20; π. καιρόν out of season, Pi.O.8.24, etc.; π. γνώμαν ib.12.10, cf. A.Supp. 454; π. δόξαν, π. τὸ δοκοῦν ἡμῖν, π. λόγον, Th.3.93, 1.84, Plb.2.38.5; παρ' ἐλπίδα or ἐλπίδας, A.Ag. 899, S.Ant. 392, etc.; πὰρ μέλος out of tune, Pi.N.7.69;π. τὴν ἀξίαν Th.7.77
, etc.; π. τὸ εἰωθός, τὸ καθεστηκός, Id.4.17, 1.98.5 π. τοσοῦτον ἦλθε κινδύνου, = παρῆλθε τοσοῦτον κινδύνου, passed over so much ground within the sphere of danger, i.e. incurred such imminent peril, Id.3.49, cf. 7.2; in such phrases the tmesis was forgotten, and the acc. came to be governed by παρά, which thus came to mean 'by such and such a margin', ' with so much to spare', ἐνίκησαν π. πολύ, ἡσσηθέντες π. πολύ, Id.1.29, 2.89, cf. Pl. Ap. 36a; παρὰ δ' ὀλίγον ἀπέφυγες only just, E.IT 870 (lyr.); ; δεινότατον π. πολύ by far, Ar.Pl. 445; παρ' ὅσον quatenus, Luc.Nec.17, etc.; π. δύο ψήφους ἀπέφυγε by two votes, Hyp.Eux.28, cf. D.23.205;π. τέτταρας ψήφους μετέσχε τῆς πόλεως Is.3.37
; π. τοσοῦτον ἐγένετο αὐτῷ μὴ περιπεσεῖν by so much (= little) he missed falling in with.., Th.8.33; π. πέντε ναῦς πλέον ἀνδρὶ ἑκάστῳ ἢ τρεῖς ὀβολοὶ ὡμολογήθησαν ib.29; οὐ π. μικρὸν ἐποίησαν they made no little difference, Isoc.4.59.b in phrases like π. τοσοῦτον ἦλθε κινδύνου, τοσοῦτον was sts. understood of the interval from danger, etc., and παρά came to mean 'by so much short of' (τὸ π. μικρὸν ὥσπερ οὐδὲν ἀπέχειν δοκεῖ Arist.Ph. 197a29
), within such and such a distance of, so near to, τὴν Ἠϊόνα π. νύκτα ἐγένετο (sc. αὐτῷ) λαβεῖν he was within one night of taking E., Th.4.106; π. μικρὸν ἦλθον ἀποθανεῖν I came within a little of.., Isoc. 19.22, cf. Plb.1.43.7, Plu. Caes. 39; παρ' ἐλάχιστον ἦλθε.. ἀφελέσθαι was within an ace of taking away, Th.8.76; παρ' οὐδὲν μὲν ἦλθον ἀποκτεῖναι (were within a mere nothing, within an ace of killing him),ἐξεκήρυξαν δ' ἐκ πόλεως Aeschin. 3.258
, cf. Plu.Pyrrh. 14, Alex.62; π. τοσοῦτον ἦλθε διαφυγεῖν so near he came to escaping, Luc.Cat.4; ;παρ' οὐδὲν ἐλθόντες τοῦ ἀποβαλεῖν Plb.1.45.14
, cf. 2.55.4, D.S.17.42: hence without ἐγένετο or ἐλθεῖν, π. μίαν μονάδα (less) by one, i.e. less one, Nicom.Ar.1.8; τεσσαράκοντα π. μίαν, = 39, 2 Ep.Cor.11.24; παρ' ἕνα τοσοῦτοι the same number less one, Plu. Publ.9; σύ μοι παρ' ἕνα ἥκεις ἄγων you have brought me one too few, Luc.Cat.4;δύναται π. δύο συλλαβὰς εἶναι τὸ καταληκτόν Heph.4.2
; τὰ ὁλοκόττινα ηὑρέθησαν π. ἑπτὰ κεράτια seven carats short, PMasp.70.2 (vi A. D.); πάντες παρ' ἕνα, πάντες παρ' ὀλίγους, all save one (a few), Plu.Cat.Mi.20, Ant.5;ἔτη δύο π. ἡμέρας δύο IG5(1).801
([place name] Laconia); of one Μάρκος, θηρίον εἶ π. γράμμα you are a bear ([etym.] ἄρκος) all but a letter, AP11.231 (Ammian.); ὡς π. τι καὶ τὰς ὄψεις ἀφανίσαι so that he all but (lit. less something) lost his sight, Vett.Val.228.6; π. τι βυθίζεσθαι v.l. in Ev.Luc.5.7; τὸ π. τοῦτο the figure less that, i.e. the remainder or difference, PTeb.99.10 (ii B. C.), cf. POxy.264.4 (i A. D.), PAmh.2.148.5 (v A. D.); hence of any difference whether of excess or defect, οὐδὲν π. τοῦτο ποιούμενοι τοὺς.. Λευκανούς τε καὶ τοὺς.. Σαυνίτας making no difference between.., Str.6.1.3, cf. 14.5.11, Plu.2.24c.6 hence of the margin by which anything increases or decreases, and so of the cause according to which anything comes into existence or varies,τὸ εὖ π. μικρὸν διὰ πολλῶν ἀριθμῶν γίνεται Polyclit.2
(cf. μικρός III. 5 c); διαφέρει π. τὰς τῶν παθημάτων ἐναντιώσεις according to.., Arist.HA 486b5;μεταπίπτει π. τὰ κλίματα Gem. 5.29
, cf. 11.5, al.; π. τὰ πράγματα cj. in Apollod.Car.11.7 more generally of the margin by which an event occurs, i.e. of the necessary and sufficient cause or motive (τὸ μὴ π. τοῦτο γίνεσθαι τότε λέγομεν, ὅταν ἀναιρεθέντος τούτου μηδὲν ἧττον περαίνηται ὁ συλλογισμός Arist.APr. 65b6
, cf. 48a24, al.), κεινὰν π. δίαιταν just for the sake of unsatisfying food, Pi.O.2.65; ἕκαστος οὐ π. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀμέλειαν οἴεται βλάψειν each thinks that his own negligence will not suffice to cause injury, Th.1.141, cf. Isoc.3.48; π. τὴν αὑτοῦ ἁμαρτίαν all through his own fault, Antipho 3.4.5, cf. Isoc.6.52, D.4.11, 18.232; πολλὰ.. ἐστιν αἴτια τούτων, καὶ οὐ παρ' ἓν οὐδὲ δύ' εἰς τοῦτο τὰ πράγματ' ἀφῖκται not from one or two causes only, Id.9.2; οὐ π. τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστι it does not follow that it is not.., 1 Ep.Cor.12.15; π. τὸ τὴν ἀρίθμησιν ποιήσασθαι ἐξ ἑτοίμου τοὺς ἐργώνας οὐκ ὀλίγα χρήματα περιεποίησε τῇ πόλει by the simple fact of prompt payment, IPE12.32B35 (Olbia, iii B. C.); , cf. Plb.3.103.2, 18.28.6, al.; οὐδεὶς παρ' ἑαυτόν ἐστι βασιλεύς thanks to himself alone, Aristeas 224;παρ' αὑτὸν ἀτυχεῖ Arr.Epict.3.24.2
, cf. Phld.Rh.2.16 S.;παρ' ἡμᾶς ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀπόστασις Hierocl. in CA25p.477M.
; εἶναι π. τοῦτο σωτηρίαν τε πόλει καὶ τοὐναντίον, i.e. on this depends.., Pl.Lg. 715d, cf. X.Eq.Mag.1.5, D.C.Fr.36.5;π. μίαν ἡμέραν καὶ ἓν πρᾶγμα καὶ ἀπόλλυται προκοπὴ καὶ σῴζεται Epict.Ench.51.2
; π. τὸ Ἕλληνά με εἶναι just because I am a Greek, UPZ7.13 (ii B. C.);π. τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν αὐτήν LXX Ge.29.20
, cf. Ex.14.11; later more loosely, because of.., Phld.Rh.1.158 S., Gem.6.24, etc.; οὐδὲν π. σὲ γέγονε it is no fault of yours, PRyl.243.6 (ii A. D.), cf. POxy.1420.7 (ii A. D.).8 of a limit of possibility,εἴπερ ἐνεδέχετο π. τοὺς παρόντας καιρούς D.18.239
; πεῖσαι τό γε παρ' αὑτόν to persuade (the judges) so far as in you lies, Arr.Epict.2.2.20; οἴμωζε παρ' ἐμέ as far as I am concerned, for all I care, Ar.Av. 846.D POSITION: παρά may follow its Subst. in all three cases, but then becomes by anastrophe πάρα: when the ult. is elided, the practice varies,τῇσι παρ' Il.18.400
; but Ἡφαίστοιο πάρ' ib. 191.F πάρα (with anastrophe) stands for πάρεστι and πάρεισι, Il.1.174, Hes.Op. 454, A.Pers. 167, Hdt.1.42, al., S.El. 285, Ar.Ach. 862, etc.G IN COMPOS.,I alongside of, beside, of rest, παράκειμαι, παράλληλοι, παρέζομαι, πάρειμι (εἰμί), παρίστημι; of motion, παραπλέω, πάρειμι ([etym.] εἶμι).II to the side of, to, παραδίδωμι, παρέχω.IV metaph.,2 of comparison, as in παραβάλλω, παρατίθημι.3 of alteration or change, as in παραλλάσσω, παραπείθω, παραπλάσσω, παρατεκταίνω, παραυδάω, παράφημι.4 of a side-issue, παραπόλλυμι. (Cogn. with Goth. faúr 'along', Lat. por-.) -
2 λέπω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `peel (off)' (Il.)Other forms: aor. λέψαι, fut. λέψω (Il.), perf. midd. ἀπο-λέλεμμαι (Epich.), aor. pass. ἀπελέπη ἀπελεπίσθη H.; also with ablaut λέλαμμαι (Att. inscr. around 330a), ἐκ-λαπῆναι (Ar. Fr. 164),Dialectal forms: Myc. repoto \/leptos\/.Derivatives: Many derivv. A. With ε-grade (from the present): 1. λεπτός (cf. στρεπ-τός a.o. in Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1,17) `peeled' = `unveiled' (Υ 497), `thin, meager, weak, fine, delicate' (Il., often as 1. member. Poet. lengthened λεπτ-αλέος `weak, fine' (Il.; Chantraine Form. 255), λεπτ-ακινός'id.' (AP; from *λέπταξ ?, Bechtel Lex. s. φυζακινός); further λεπτίον `beaker' (pap.) from λεπτόν (sc. κεράμιον) `thin earthenware' (pap.), λεπτάγιον kind of vase? ( PHib. 1, 47, 13; IIIa; acc. to the edd. perh. = λεπτόγειον `barren land'), λεπτάριον name of a medic. instrument (Herm. 38, 282); λεπτίτιδες κριθαί kind of barley (Gp.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 113); λεπτότης f. `thinness, leanness etc.' (IA.), λεπτοσύνη `id.' (AP); λεπτύνω, - ομαι `make thin etc. resp. become' (Hp., X., Arist.) with λεπτυσμός, λέπτυνσις (Hp.), - υντικός (Dsc., Gal.). - 2. λεπρός `scaly, with eruption, uneven, raw' (Hp., Hippon., hell.), f. λεπράς (Theoc., Opp.); λέπρα, ion. - ρη `efflorescence, leprosy' (Ion., Arist., hell.), both prob. first from an ρ-stem (cf. Schwyzer 481); with λεπρώδης `with unevennesses, leprous' (Ael., Dsc., medic.), λεπρικός `regarding efflorescence' (Dsc., pap.); denomin. verbs λεπράω `become scaly, efflorescent' (Ion.), also λεπρ-ιάω (Dsc.; after the verbs of disease in - ιάω); λεπρόομαι `become efflorescent' (LXX, pap.) with λέπρωσις = λέπρα (Tz.), λεπρύνομαι `besome scaly, uneven' (Nic.). - 3. λέπος n. (Alex., Nic., Luc.) with λέπιον (Hp.), usu. λεπίς, - ίδος f. (Ion. hell.) `scale, shell, pod, metal plate' with dimin. λεπίδιον (Hero), also as plant-name `pepperwort' (Dsc., Gal., Ath.; as remedy against efflorescence), λεπιδίσκη `id.' (Imbros IIa); further λεπιδ-ωτός `scaly' (Hdt., Arist.), with λεπιδόομαι `become scaly' (Hp.); other denomin.: λεπίζω (: λέπος or λεπίς) `remove the scale etc., peel off' (hell.) with λέπισμα `scale' (LXX, Dsc., Gal.); ἐλέπουν οἷον ἐλέπιζον. H. (: λεπόω, - έω); note λέπασμα `pod, skin' (sch. Nic. Th. 184); rather lengthened from λέπος as from *λεπάζω. - 4. On λεπάς, λέπας s. v. - 5. λέπῡρον `scale, pod' (LXX, Batr.) with λεπυρώδης `like scales' (Thphr.); λεπύρ-ιον `id.' (Hp., Arist., Theoc.), - ιώδης `like scales, consisting of...' (Arist., Thphr.), λεπυρίζομαι `be enveloped by a scale' (sch.), λεπυριῶσαι ἐξαχυριῶσαι H.; besides λεπῠρός `in a scale' (Nic.); on the υ-stem beside λέπρ-α, λέπος cf. e. g. αἶσχος. On itself stands λεπύχανον `coat (of an onion), fruit-schale' (Theopomp. Com., Plu., Dsc.), prob. popular cross with λάχανον, s. Strömberg Wortstudien 52. - B. With ο-grade. 6. λοπός m. `scale, rind' (τ 233, Hp.) with λόπιμος `easy to peel off', (Nic., Gal.), λόπιμα κάστανα... H.; Arbenz Adj. auf - ιμος 101; dimin. λοπάς f. `dish', also name of a crustacean and a plant-disease (com., Thphr., Luc.), with λοπάδ-ιον (com., pap.), - ίσκος (sch.); λοπίς `scale, dish etc.' (Ar., inscr.) with λοπίδιον (Delos); denomin. λοπάω `scale off, let the bark peel off' (Thphr.) with λοπητός m. `time to be peeled off' (Thphr.), λοπίζω `be peeled off' (Thphr., pap.). -7. On ἔλλοψ s. v. - C. With lengthened grade s. λώπη `pod, coat' (Od., Theoc., A. R.), λῶπος m. `id.' (Alc. [?], Hippon., Anacr., Herod.); as 1. member in λωπο-δύ-της m. "who travels in (foreign) clothes", `thief of clothes' with λωποδυτ-έω etc. (Att.); suffixless form λώψ χλαμύς H.; cf. Schwyzer 515, Chantraine Form. 424. Dimin. λώπιον (Arist., inscr.); denomin. ἀπο-, περι-λωπίζω `undress, put off' (S., Hyp.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The primary thematic present λέπω, from which all verbal forms were derived ( λέλαμμαι, - λαπῆναι innovations after ἔστραμμαι, στραφῆναι etc.), has no direct agreements outside Greek. There are a few nominal formations, which resemble the Greek forms: Lith. lãpas `leaf', Alb. lapë `rag, leaf, peritoneum' (: λοπός), Lith. lõpas `rag, piece' (: λῶπος; also OE lōf m. `band of the forehead'??, Holthausen IF 32, 340), with Russ. lápotь `shoe of bark' (lapotók `rag, piece'); quite doubtful OE leber, læfer f. `rush, cane, metal plate' (: λέπρα?; Holthausen IF 48, 255). With λέπος one compared also Lat. s-stem lepōs `fine-ness, delicacy', and the Slav. extension in Russ. lépest `rag, piece, leaf of a flower'. Given the productivity of these formations and the varying meanings we may have parallel creations. - Further, partly very doubtful and debated forms in WP. 2, 429f., Pok. 678, W.-Hofmann s. lepidus, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. lãpas, lõpas, also lèpti `be coddled', Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. lépest, lápotь, lópotõk; with rich lit. - We can safely conclude that the verb is not IE: there is hardly a formal agreement, nor does the meaning agree well. So the verb will be Pre-Greek. Note the forms λεπάγιον, λεπακινός, λέπασμα, λέπυρον, λεπύχανον, λέπρα, λώψ, λῶπος etc. The verb may be compared with ὀλόπτω and ὀλούφω, which would also point to a non-IE word.Page in Frisk: 2,105-107Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λέπω
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3 σαύρα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `lizard' (A. Fr. 92 M., Hdt., Arist., Theoc. etc.), also = σαλαμάνδρα (Thphr.), metaph. as plantname = κάρδαμον (Nic.), `membrum virile of a boy' (AP), `plaited case made of palm bark, used in setting dislocated fingers' (medic.). Also σαῦρος m. `id.' (Hdt. [v. l.], Hp., Epich., Arist., Nic.); metaph. as fishname = τράχουρος (Alex., Arist., Gal.; a. o. after the colour, cf. Strömberg 121).Other forms: Ion. - ρη.Derivatives: 1. the plantnames σαυρ-ίδιον n. (Hp., Gal.), - ίγγη f. (H.; cf. e.g. φυσίγγη = φῦσιγξ: φῦσα), - ῖτις f. (Ps.-Dsc.); cf. Strömberg 130. 2. the fishname - ίς f. (Suid.). 3. - ῖται εἶδός τι ὄφεων H. 4. - ίγγη also = τὸ ζῶον ἡ σαύρα H., saurītis also `precious stone, that would have been found inside a lizard' (Plin.). 5. - ήτης m. `keeper of crocodiles' (pap.). 6. σαυρωτή ποικίλη, - ωτοῖς δόρασι τοῖς σαυρωτῆρας ἔχουσι κατὰ τῆς ἐπιδορατίδος H. 7. σαυρωτήρ, - ῆρος m. (Κ 153, Hdt. 7, 41, Plb. a. o.) approx. `lance shoe, bottom end of a lance, that could be stuck into the ground'; cf. instrument names as τροπωτήρ, σφυρωτήρ, to this σαυρωτός (ab. 6.) and σαύρα = `case' (s. ab.); in the same meaning also σαῦρος in σαυρο-βριθες ἔγχος ( Trag. Adesp. 264); the lance-shaft was prob. compared with the long tail of a lizard (cf. οὑρίαχος). 8. PN Σαυρίας, Σαύρων a. o. (IA. etc.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Like many other words for `lizard' without etymology. With σαύρα, σαῦρος and derivv. is usually connected a series of other words with σαυ-: σαῦλος, σαυ-νός, σαυνίον, also σαυκρός, and further compared with σωλήν and σῦριγξ; s. esp. Solmsen Wortforsch. 129ff. (with extensive treatment), where however only σαυροβριθές, σαυρω-τήρ and σαύρα `membrum virile' (as well as σαυνίον `javelin') are considered as belonging to σωλήν and σῦριγξ and so separated from σαύρα, σαῦρος `lizard'; the last are with σαῦλος, σαυνός, σαυκρόν, σαυχμόν made into a separate group (agreeing Fraenkel IF 32, 112). The relation between these words is as dark as the connections outside Greek are doubtful; s. on it Bq and WP. 1, 752; cf. also Mayrhofer s. tūṇaḥ. -- I see no reason to connect the adj. with σαυ- ( σαυνός is not given by LSJ). As the word is appar. not IE, it will be a local, i.e. Pre-Greek word. (Not in Furnée.) (The word disnosaur was in 1841 created from δεινός `terrible' by the English peleontologist R.Owen.)Page in Frisk: 2,683-684Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σαύρα
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4 γναθμός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `jaw' (Hom.)Derivatives: PN of a parasite Γνάθων, with Γναθώνειος, Γναθωνίδης, Γναθωνάριον (Plu.). Denom. γναθόω `hit the jaw' (Phryn. Com.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: γναθμός from γνάθος after λαιμός, βρεχμός, ὀφθαλμός. - Always compared with Lith. žándas `id.', Latv. zuôds `chin, sharp side'; the Lith. acute was explained from a laryngeal, which is impossible for Greek; it can also have been caused by a following d (Winter-Kortlandt law). A preform *gn̥h₂dʰ- would have given *γνᾱθος, *gn̥h₂edʰ- *γαναθος; so a laryngeal is impossible for Greek, nor can - να- be derived from any other PIE form. (The Lithuanian form, which has a quite different structure, cannot be cognate.) The form must therefore be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek. Further connection with γένυς is improbable, as this is IE. Macedonian κάναδοι σιαγόνες, γνάθοι H. has also often been compared; this may well be cognate, as a Pre-Greek form; does it stand for *κναδοι? (with epenthesis? for which see Fur. 378); it has also been connected with κνώδων, κνώδαλον.Page in Frisk: 1,316Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γναθμός
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5 κηκίς
κηκίς, - ῖδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `anything gushing forth, ooze', of blood, purple, pitch, fat (A., S.), `dye from oak-gall, oak-gall' (Hp., D., Thphr.);Dialectal forms: Dor. κακίς,Derivatives: Diminut. κηκίδιον (medic.). - With, as denominative of an ι-stem (Schwyzer 727), κηκίω (Dor. κακίω H.), only present-stem, also with ἀνα-, `gush forth' (Il.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Uncertain. Since Fick 1, 420 compared with Lith. šókti `spring, danc', IE. *ḱāk-. (The (nasalized) form καγκύλας κηκῖδας. Αἰολεῖς is compared with Lith. šankùs `flink', but this cannot be connected as IE.) (Not here Thraco-Phryg. σίκιν(ν)ις `dance of the satyrs in honour of Dionysos' (S., E.). Further, quite uncertain or arbitrary combinations in Solmsen Wortforsch. 145 n. 2. - κηκίς, - ῖδος is from an old ī-stem (Chantraine Formation 347) or a backformation from κηκίω. - I think that the connection with šókti must be abandoned. The word will be Pre-Greek. The prenasalization in καγκύλας proves this; also the suffix -ῑδ- is Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,838Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κηκίς
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6 ἄτρακτος
Grammatical information: m. (f.)Meaning: `spindle' (Hdt.), also `arrow' (S., acc. Th. 4, 40 Laconian).Other forms: ἄδρακτος H. (LSJ Supp.), Gloss.Derivatives: ἀτρακτυλ(λ)ίς, - ίδος `spindle-thistel, Carthamus lanatus' (Arist.). ἀτρακίς kind of thistle (Strömberg Pflanz. 105).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Compared with Skt. tarku- `spindle'. The connection with Lat. torqueo, and now Myc. toroqejomeno \/ trokʷeiomenos\/, is impossible (it would have given π, not κ with Schwyzer 299). The ending has been compared with στρατός, σπάρτον, but remains strange. The ἀ- would also remain unexplained. - Unclear also Alb. tjerr `to spin'. So rather a loan (from the substr.); perh. confirmed by ἄδρακτος and ἀτρακίς, if the variation κ\/κτ is old and not due to simplification ; for - τος cf. ἄσφαλτος and Chantr. Form. 300f. Skt. tarku- will be unrelated. - Not to ἀτρεκής.Page in Frisk: 1,180Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄτρακτος
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7 ἄξιος
ἄξιος, ία, ον (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) adj. for *ἄγ-τιος, cp. ἄγω in the sense ‘draw down’ in the scale, ‘weigh’, hence ἄξιος of someone or someth. that is evaluated. Whether the evaluation results in an advantage or a penalty depends on the context or use of a negative particle.① pert. to having a relatively high degree of comparable worth or value, corresponding, comparable, worthy, of things, in relation to other things,ⓐ of price equal in value (Eur., Alc. 300; Ps.-Demosth. 13, 10; Herodian 2, 3 [of the value of a thing]; Pr 3:15; 8:11; Sir 26:15; s. Nägeli 62) οὐκ ἄξια τὰ παθήματα πρὸς τ. μέλλουσαν δόξαν the sufferings are not to be compared w. the glory to come Ro 8:18 (Arrian, Anab. 6, 24, 1 οὐδὲ τὰ ξύμπαντα … ξυμβληθῆναι ἄξια εἶναι τοῖς … πόνοις=all [the trials] are not worthy to be compared with the miseries). οὐδενὸς ἄ. λόγου worthy of no consideration Dg 4:1 (λόγου ἄ. Hdt. 4, 28; Pla., Ep. 7, 334e; Diod S 13, 65, 3 οὐδὲν ἄξιον λόγου πράξας; Dionys. Hal. 1, 22, 5; Dio Chrys. 22 [39], 1; Vit. Hom. et Hes. 4); cp. vs. 4.ⓑ gener., of any other relation (Diod S 4, 11, 1 ἄξιον τῆς ἀρετῆς=worthy of his valor; Jos., Vi. 250 βοὴ εὐνοίας ἀξία; Just., A I, 4, 8 οὐδὲν ἄ. τῆς ὑποσχέσεως) καρποὶ ἄ. τῆς μετανοίας fruits in keeping with your repentance i.e. such as show that you have turned from your sinful ways Lk 3:8; Mt 3:8. For this ἄ. τῆς μετανοίας ἔργα Ac 26:20. καρπὸς ἄ. οὗ ἔδωκεν fruit that corresponds to what he gave us 2 Cl 1:3. ἄ. πρᾶγμα ISm 11:3 (cp. Just., A I, 19, 5 ἀ. θεοῦ δύναμιν). ἄκκεπτα IPol 6:2. ἔργα ἄ. τῶν ῥημάτων deeds corresponding to the words 2 Cl 13:3. πάσης ἀποδοχῆς ἄ. worthy of full acceptance 1 Ti 1:15; 4:9 (Heraclid. Crit. [III B.C.] Fgm. I 17 πάσης ἄξιος φιλίας; Just., D. 3, 3 ἀποδοχῆς ἄξια). οὐδὲν ἄ. θανάτου nothing deserving death (cp. ἄξιον … τι θανάτου Plut., Marcus Cato 349a [21]) Lk 23:15; Ac 25:11, 25. θανάτου ἢ δεσμῶν ἄ. nothing deserving death or imprisonment 23:29; 26:31 (cp. Hyperid. 3, 14; Appian, Iber. 31 §124 ἄξια θανάτου; Jos., Ant. 11, 144; Herm. Wr. 1, 20 ἄ. τοῦ θανάτου). Foll. by rel. clause ἄ. ὧν ἐπράξαμεν Lk 23:41.ⓒ impers. ἄξιόν ἐστι it is worthwhile, fitting, proper (Hyperid. 2, 3; 6, 3; 4 Macc 17:8; EpArist 4; 282; Just., A II, 3, 2) w. articular inf. foll. (B-D-F §400, 3; Rob. 1059) τοῦ πορεύεσθαι 1 Cor 16:4. καθὼς ἄ. ἐστιν 2 Th 1:3.② pert. to being correspondingly fitting or appropriate, worthy, fit, deserving of pers.ⓐ in a good sense, but one which is sometimes negated. The negative particle in such cases generates the equivalent of ἀνάξιος ‘unworthy’. W. gen. of the thing of which one is worthy τῆς τροφῆς entitled to his food Mt 10:10; D 13:1f. τῆς αἰωνίου ζωῆς Ac 13:46. τοῦ μισθοῦ Lk 10:7; 1 Ti 5:18. πάσης τιμῆς 6:1 (Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 93; Lucian, Tox. 3 τιμῆς ἄ. παρὰ πάντων). ἄ. μετανοίας Hs 8, 6, 1.—W. gen. of the pers. οὐκ ἔστιν μου ἄ. he is not worthy of me=does not deserve to belong to me (perh. ‘is not suited to me’, s. 1 above) Mt 10:37f; cp. PtK 3 p. 15, 17; D 15:1; ἄ. θεοῦ (Wsd 3:5; Just., D. 5, 3) IEph 2:1; 4:1; cp. 15:1; IRo 10:2; ὧν οὐκ ἦν ἄ. ὁ κόσμος of whom the world was not worthy=‘they were too good for this world’ (New Life version) Hb 11:38.—W. inf. foll. (M. Ant. 8, 42 οὔκ εἰμι ἄξιος with inf.; BGU 1141, 15 [13 B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 4, 179; Just., A I, 22, 1) οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἄ. κληθῆναι υἱός σου I am no longer fit to be called your son Lk 15:19, 21; cp. Ac 13:25; Rv 4:11; 5:2, 4, 9, 12 (WvUnnik, BRigaux Festschr. ’70, 445–61); B 14:1; IEph 1:3; Mg 14; Tr 13:1; Sm 11:1; Hs 8, 2, 5.—W. gen. of the inf. (ParJer 4:5) MPol 10:2. Foll. by ἵνα (B-D-F §393, 4; Rob. 658) ἄ. ἵνα λύσω τὸν ἱμάντα good enough to untie the thong J 1:27 (ἱκανός P66, 75; s. ἱκανός end). Foll. by a rel. clause ἄ. ἐστιν ᾧ παρέξῃ τοῦτο Lk 7:4 (B-D-F §5, 3b; 379; Rob. 724). Abs. (PPetr II, 15 [3], 8 ἄ. γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος; 2 Macc 15:21; Just., D. 39, 2 ὡς ἀξιοί εἰσι) ἄ. εἰσιν they deserve to Rv 3:4; 16:6. Cp. Mt 10:11, 13; 22:8; IEph 2:2; Mg 12; Tr 4:2; IRo 9:2; ISm 9:2; IPol 8:1; B 9:9; 21:8; with a negative or negative implication in the context Hs 8, 11, 1; B 9:9; 14:4. ἄ. τινα ἡγεῖσθαι (Job 30:1) Hv 2, 1, 2; 3, 3, 4; 4, 1, 3; m 4, 2, 1; Hs 7:5; Hs 9, 28, 5 (w. ἵνα foll. in some of these pass. fr. Hermas). ὁ σωτὴρ ἀξίαν αὐτὴν ἡγήσατο the Savior considered her worthy GMary 463, 22. As an epithet of persons IMg 2. Subst. ἀκούει τῶν ἀξίων (God) heeds the deserving AcPt Ox 849, 28 (cp. Just., A I, 52, 3).—Comp. ἀξιώτερος (SIG 218, 25) Hv 3, 4, 3.—Ins: Larfeld I, 493f.ⓑ in a context in which the evaluation is qualified by unpleasant consequences to the one evaluated (Ael. Aristid. 34 p. 650 D. ἄ. ὀργῆς) ἄ. πληγῶν (Dt 25:2; cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 294) deserving blows Lk 12:48. ἄ. θανάτου (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 4 p. 335, 12f Jac.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 108 §452; Mel., HE 4, 26, 6) Ro 1:32. καθώς τις ἄξιός ἐστιν as each deserves Hs 6, 3, 3 of punishments.—JKleist, ‘Axios’ in the Gospels: CBQ 6, ’44, 342–46; KStendahl, Nuntius 7, ’52, 53f.—EDNT. M-M. TW. -
8 ἀλφός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `dull-white leprosy' (Hes.).Derivatives: ἀλφώδης `leprosus' (Gal.). As adj.: ἀλφούς λευκούς H.; besides ἀλωφούς λευκούς (s. below).Etymology: Identical with Lat. albus, Umbr. alfu `alba'. (Forms with PIE d (s. κεμάς) prob. in the word for `swan', e.g. OHG albiz, OCS lebedь prob. not here). Many geogr. names are compared, esp. river-names like Άλφειός, Lat. Albula; Lat. Albis = NHG. Elbe; also ONo. elfr `river'. On the river-names Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforschung 4, 40ff. However, most of these names are probably of non-IE origin. - The form ἀλωφός (H.) was compared with Arm. aɫawni `pigeon' (IE. * alǝ-bh-n-), but there is now a different explanation of this word (*pl̥h₂-bʰ-ni-, Klingenschmitt 1982, 68 n. 11). The relation ἀλφός: ἀλωφός cannot be explained within IE; perhaps ἀλωφός is a simple mistake: φ misread as ω?). On ἀλφός Osthoff IF 8, 64ff. - IE bʰ in colour names is frequent ( ἄργυφος).Page in Frisk: 1,81-82Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀλφός
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9 μάχλος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `lascivious' (of women), `luxuriant, wild' (Hes., A.).Other forms: μάχλης ἀκρατής, πόρνος H.; f. also μαχλάς, - άδος (Man., AP, Ph.), μαχλίς ἑταίρα, πόρνη H.Derivatives: μαχλο-σύνη `lasciviousness, voluptuousness' (Ω 30, Hes., Hdt.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 225, Wyss - συνη 25), - της `id.' (EM, Sch.); μαχλικός `like a lascivious woman' (Man.); μαχλεύομαι `be lascivious' in μεμαχλευμένον ἦτορ (Man.), μαχλῶντες πορνεύοντες H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Barytonon wit λο-suffix as κτίλος, φαῦλος, ἕωλος; further isolated. By Prellwitz s.v. (after Uhlenbeck) compared with Skt. (Ved.) makhá- attribute of gods of unknown meaning (s. Mayrhofer EWAia 2, 288). Fur. 211 n. 48 compares Arm. mahaz `lascicious' (from Asia Minor?). The word, with this meaning, my well be Pre-Greek (the word has also been compared with Βάκχος, ib. 211).Page in Frisk: 2,187Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάχλος
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10 συγκρίνω
+ V 8-0-0-3-3=14 Gn 40,8.16.22; 41,12.13A: to interpret (dreams) [τι] Gn 40,8; to decide Nm 15,34P: to be compared with [τινι] Wis 7,29; to be compared Wis 15,18; to measure oneself with sb [τινι] 1 Mc 10,71Cf. HARL 1986a, 270; LEE, J. 1983, 78; →NIDNTT; TWNT -
11 γέντο
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `he took' (Il. 8, 43).Etymology: γέντο is like λέκτο `he laid down' either a middle root aorist, or an s- aorist with lost σ (*λέκ-σ-το, *γέμ-σ-το; on μ s. below), cf. Schwyzer 751 Zus. 2. Both verbs have analogical full grade. Not from *gm̥̄to (Wackernagel Unt. 175 A.). To γέντο \< *γέμτο probably ipv. ἀπό-γεμε ἄφελκε. Κύπριοι and ὕγ-γεμος συλλαβή. Σαλαμίνιοι H. From other languages have been compared MIr. gemel `fetter', Latv. gùmstu, gùmt `seize etc.'; OCS žьmǫ, žęti `σφίγγειν, comprimere'. This word has again been compared with Gr. γέμω `be full' (q. v.), which could be the thematic present beside athematic (sigmatic) aorist γέντο. - Pok. 368f. Not to γαμέω nor to γάγγαμον `net' (q. v.).Page in Frisk: 1,297-298Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γέντο
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12 ὡς
ὡς:—Summary:A as ADVERB of Manner.Aa ὧς and ὥς (with accent), so, thus.Ab ὡς (without accent) of the Relat. Pron. ὅς, as.Acὡς Relat. and Interrog., how.Ad ὡς temporal, when.Ae ὡς Local, where,B ὡς, as CONJUNCTION.C, D various usages.A ADVERB of Manner:Aa [full] ὥς, Demonstr., = οὕτως, so, thus, freq. in Hom., Il.1.33, al.;ὢς εἶπ' Sapph.Supp.20
a.11 (Epic style); in [dialect] Ion. Prose, Hdt.3.13, al.; rare in [dialect] Att., and almost confined to certain phrases, v. infr. 2, 3; ὥς simply = οὕτως, A.Ag. 930, Th.3.37, Pl.Prt. 338a;ἀλλ' ὣς γενέσθω E.Hec. 888
, al.2 καὶ ὧς even so, nevertheless, Il.1.116, al.; οὐδ' ὧς not even so, 7.263, Od.1.6, al., Hdt.6.76;οὐδέ κεν ὧς Il.9.386
: the phrases καὶ ὧς, οὐδ' ὧς, μηδ' ὧς, are used in Trag. and [dialect] Att., S.Ant. 1042, Th.1.74, 7.74; also later, PCair.Zen.19.10 (iii B. C., unaccented), UPZ146.40 (ii B. C.), GDI 1832.11 (Delph., ii B. C.), IG22.850.17 (iii B. C.);κἂν ὧς, εἴπερ μέλει σοι, ἀπόστειλόν μοί τινα POxy.120.11
(iv A. D.); (Delph., ii B. C.); Thess.καὶ οὗς IG9(2).234.1
(iii B. C.); for this phrase the accentuation ὧς is prescribed by Hdn.Gr.2.932, al., cf. A.D.Synt.307.16, and is found in good Mss. of Homer; for the remaining uses under this head (Aa. 1, 3, 4 ) the accentuation ὥς is prescribed by the same grammarians.3 in Comparisons, ὥς.., ὡς .., so.. as.., etc.; and reversely ὡς.., ὣς .., as.. so, Il.1.512, 14.265, etc.; in [dialect] Att., Pl.R. 530d; also ὥς τε.. ὣς .., as.. thus.., h.Cer. 174-6, E.Ba. 1066-8;οἷα.. ὥς Id.El. 151
-5; ὥσπερ.., ὣς δὲ .. (in apodosi) Pl.Prt. 326d.Ab [full] ὡς, Relat., as, Hom., etc.; prop. relat. to a demonstr. Adv., which is freq. omitted, κινήθη δ' ἀγορὴ ὡς κύματα μακρὰ θαλάσσης, i. e. οὕτως, ὡς .., Il.2.144 (φὴ Zenod.
): it is relat. not only to the regular demonstr. Advs. ὥς (ὧς), τώς, ὧδε, οὕτως, αὕτως, but also to ταύτῃ, Pl.R. 365d, etc. We find a collat. [dialect] Dor. form ὥ (q. v.); cf. ὥτε. Usage:I in similes, freq. in Hom., Il.5.161, al.; longer similes are commonly introduced byὡς ὅτε, ὡς δ' ὅτε, ἤριπε δ', ὡς ὅτε πύργος [ἤριπε] 4.462
:ἤριπε δ', ὡς ὅτε τις δρῦς ἤριπε 13.389
, cf. 2.394; so later, Emp.84.1, etc.;ὡς ὅτε θαητὸν μέγαρον, πάξομεν Pi.O.6.2
: ὡς ὅτε is rare in short similes, Od.11.368: ὡς is folld. by indic. [tense] pres., Il.9.4, 16.364: also by [tense] aor., 3.33 sq., 4.275, 16.823, al.; also by subj. [tense] pres. or [tense] aor., 5.161, 10.183, 485, 13.334 (sts. ὡς δ' ὅτ' ἄν, 11.269, 17.520); cf. ὥστε A:—the Verb is sts. omitted with ὡς, but may be supplied from the context, ἐνδούπησε πεσοῦσ', ὡς εἰναλίη κήξ (sc. πίπτει) Od.15.479, cf. 6.20;θεὸς δ' ὣς τίετο δήμῳ Il.5.78
;οἱ δὲ φέβοντο.., βόες ὣς ἀγελαῖαι Od.22.299
: where ὡς follows the noun to which it refers, it takes the accent; so in Com.,Ἀριστόδημος ὥς Cratin.151
, cf. Eub.75.6; v. infr. H.2 like as, just as,ὡς οὗτος κατὰ τέκν' ἔφαγε.., ὣς ἡμεῖς κτλ. Il.2.326
, v. supr. Aa. 3.3 sts. in the sense as much as or according as, ἑλὼν κρέας ὥς (i. e. ὅσον)οἱ χεῖρες ἐχάνδανον Od.17.344
; ὦκα δὲ μητρὶ ἔννεπον ὡς (i. e. ὅσα)εἶδόν τε καὶ ἔκλυον h.Cer. 172
;τῶν πάντων οὐ τόσσον ὀδύρομαι.. ὡς ἑνός Od.4.105
;τόσον.. ὡς Il.4.130
; so in Trag., ; ; in Prose, ὡς δύναται as much as he can, Democr.278;τὸ ῥῆμα μέμνημαι ὡς εἶπε Aeschin.3.72
; ὡς μή = ὅσον μή, νέμεν ὅτι ἃν ( = ἂν)βόλητοι ὡς μὴ ἰν τοῖ περιχώροι IG5(2).3.9
(Tegea, iv B. C.); cf. Ab. 11.2 infr.4 sts. after [comp] Comp., compared with, hence than, μᾶλλον πρέπει οὕτως ὡς .. Pl.Ap. 36d;ἅ γε μείζω πόνον παρέχει.. οὐκ ἂν ῥᾳδίως οὐδὲ πολλὰ ἂν εὕροις ὡς τοῦτο Id.R. 526c
; οὐδενὸς μᾶλλον φροντίζειν ὡς .. Plb.3.12.5, cf. 7.4.5, 11.2.9, Plu.Cor.36: μᾶσσον ὡς is dub. in A.Pr. 629, and <ἢ> shd. perh. be inserted in Lys.7.12,31; cf. ὥσπερ IV.II with Adverbial clauses:1 parenthetically, in qualifying clauses, ὡς ἔοικε, etc., Pl. Smp. 176c, etc.: in these cases γε or γοῦν is freq. added, ὡς γοῦν ὁ λόγος σημαίνει as at any rate the argument shows, Id.R. 334a; in some phrases c. inf., v. infr. B. 11.3. An anacoluthon sts. occurs by the Verb of the principal clause being made dependent on the parenthetic Verb, ὡς δὲ Σκύθαι λέγουσι, νεώτατον ἁπάντων ἐθνέων εἶναι (for ἦν)τὸ σφέτερον Hdt.4.5
, cf. 1.65;ὡς ἐγὼ ἤκουσα, εἶναι αὐτόν Id.4.76
; ὡς γὰρ.. ἤκουσά τινος, ὅτι .. X.An.6.4.18 codd.; ἁνὴρ ὅδ' ὡς ἔοικεν οὐ νεμεῖν (for οὐ νεμεῖ, ὡς ἔοικε), S.Tr. 1238.2 in elliptical phrases, so far as.. (cf. supr. Ab.1.3) (lyr.); soὥς γε ἐμοὶ κριτῇ Ael.VH2.41
andὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ E.Alc. 801
;ὡς ἐμῇ δόξῃ X.Vect.5.2
; ὡς ἀπ' ὀμμάτων (sc. εἰκάσαι) to judge by eyesight, S.OC15: esp. in such phrases asοὐκέτι πολλὸν χωρίον, ὡς εἶναι Αἰγύπτου Hdt.2.8
; οὐδὲ ἀδύνατος, ὡς Αακεδαιμόνιος for a Lacedaemonian, Th.4.84, cf. D.H.10.31; ; φρονεῖ.. ὡς γυνὴ μέγα for a woman, S.OT 1078; πιστός, ὡς νομεύς, ἀνήρ ib. 1118;μακρὰν ὡς γέροντι.. ὁδόν Id.OC20
, cf. 385, Ant.62, etc.;ὡπλισμένοι ὡς ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν ἱκανῶς X.An.4.3.31
; also withἄν, μεγάλα ἐκτήσατο χρήματα, ὡς ἂν εἶναι Ῥοδῶπιν Hdt.2.135
codd. (ἂν secl. Krüger, Ῥοδώπιος cj. Valck.):—for ὡς εἰπεῖν and the like , v. infr. B. 11.3.3 ὡς attached to the object of the Verb, as,ἑωυτὸν ὡς ἐχθρὸν λυπέει Democr.88
;ἔλαβεν ἀμφοτέρους ὡς φίλους ἤδη X.Cyr.3.2.25
;ἐν οἰκήματι ᾧ ὡς ταμιείῳ ἐχρῆτο Pl.Prt. 315d
.— For the similar usage of ὡς with Participles and Prepositions, v. infr. c.III with Adverbs:a with the Posit., truly,Pl.
Phdr. 234e (cf.ἀληθής 111.1b
: as if Adv. of τὸ ἀληθές) ; ὡς ἑτέρως in the other way, ib. 276c, D.18.212 (Adv. of ὁ ἕτερος; v. ἕτερος v. 2) (v. infr. D.1.1); ὡς ἠπίως, ὡς ἐτητύμως, S.El. 1438 (lyr.), 1452; (Istropolis, ii B. C.), LXX 4 Ma.5.21, 1 Enoch5.3, IG7.2725.16 (Acraeph., ii A. D.);ὡς ἐναλλάξ Vett.Val. 215.9
, 340.2;ὡς παντελῶς Id.184.26
;ὡς ἄλλως Is.7.27
, D.6.32;ὡς ἐνδεχομένως PPetr.2p.53
(iii B. C.); in ὣς αὔτως (v. ὡσαύτως ) we have the Adv. of ὁ αὐτός, but the ὥς retains its demonstr. force, as does ὁ in Homer; ὡς ἀληθῶς, ὡς ὁμοίως, and ὡς παντελῶς may be modelled on ὣς αὔτως, with which they are nearly synonymous; so also ὡς ἑτέρως and ὡς ἐναλλάξ, which are contrasted with it.b with Advbs. expressing anything extraordinary, θαυμαστῶς or θαυμασίως ὡς, ὑπερφυῶς ὡς, v. sub vocc.; ὡς is sts. separated by several words from its Adv., as ;ὑπερφυῶς δὴ τὸ χρῆμα ὡς δύσγνωστον φαίνεται Id.Alc.2.147c
, cf. Phd. 99d.c with the [comp] Sup., as much as can be,ὡς μάλιστα Th.1.141
, etc.: ὡς ῥᾷστα as easily as possible, A.Pr. 104;ὡς πλεῖστα Democr. 189
; ὠς τάχιστα as quickly as possible, Alc.Supp.4.15, etc.; more fully expressed,ὡς δυνατὸν ἄριστα Isoc.12.153
;ὡς ἐδύναντο ἀδηλότατα Th.7.50
;μαχομένους ὡς ἂν δυνώμεθα κράτιστα X.An.3.2.6
;ὡς οἷόν τε βελτιστον Pl.R. 403d
; ὡς ἀνυστὸν κάλλιστα Diog.Apollon.3: ὡς and ὅτι are sts. found together, where one is superfluous,ὡς ὅτι μάλιστα Pl.Lg. 908a
;βοῦν ὡς ὅτι κάλλιστον IG22.1028.17
(ii/i B. C.); v. infr. G.e in the phrases ὡς τὸ πολύ, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, Pl.R. 330c, 377b; ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖον for the more part, commonly,ὡς ἐπὶ πλεῖστον Th.2.34
; ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος, ὡς πλήθει, Pl.R. 364a, 389d;ὡς τὸ ἐπίπαν Hdt.7.50
, etc.;ὡς τὰ πολλά Ael.NA12.17
.2 with Adjs.,a Posit.,ὑπερφυεῖ τινι.. ὡς μεγάλῃ βλάβῃ Pl.Grg. 477d
.b with [comp] Sup.,ὡς ἄριστοι τὰς φύσεις Id.Ti. 18d
;ὅπως ὡς βέλτισται ἔσονται Id.Grg. 503a
;ὡς ὅτι βέλτιστον Id.Smp. 218d
.c separated from the Adj. by a Prep.,ὡς ἐς ἐλάχιστον Th.1.63
, cf. D.18.246;ὡς ἐν βραχυτάτοις Antipho 1.18
;ὡς ἐν ἐχυρωτάτῳ ποιεῖσθαι X.Cyr. 1.6.26
, etc.Ac Relat. and Interrog., how,μερμήριζε.. ὡς Ἀχιλῆα τιμήσειε Il. 2.3
, cf. Pl.R. 365a;ἐβουλεύοντο ὡς.. στήσονται Hdt.3.84
, etc.;οἷα δεῖ λέγειν καὶ ὥς Arist.EN 1128a1
; ὡς πέπραται how, i. e. at what price the goods have been sold, PCair.Zen. 149 (iii B. C.); so οὐκ ἔσθ' ὡς .. (for the more usu. ὅπως ) nowise can it be that.., S.Ant. 750; οὐκ ἔσθ' ὡς οὐ .., Id.Ph. 196 (anap., Porson for οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ου) ; οἶσθ' ὡς πόησον; by a mixture of constructions for ὡς χρὴ ποιῆσαι or ὡς ποιήσεις, Id.OT 543, cf. Hermipp.43, Men.916; οἶσθ' ὡς μετεύξει is f.l. in E.Med. 600 ( μέτευξαι Elmsley); similarly,οἶσθα.. ὡς νῦν μὴ σφαλῇς S.OC75
.2 ὡς ἂν ποήσῃς however ( in whatever way) thou mayest act, Id.Aj. 1369, cf. Pl.Smp. 181a;αὐτῷ ὥς κεν ἅδῃ, τὼς ἔσσεται A.R.3.350
.Ad Temporal, when, with past tenses of the indic.,ἐνῶρτο γέλως.., ὡς ἴδον Il.1.600
: with opt., to express a repeated action, whenever,ὡς.. ἐς τὴν Μιλησίην ἀπίκοιτο Hdt.1.17
: rarely c. subj., to denote what happens under certain conditions,τῶν δὲ ὡς ἕκαστός οἱ μειχθῇ, διδοῖ δῶρον Id.4.172
, cf. 1.132; later, ὡς ἄν c. subj., when, PCair.Zen.251 (iii B. C.), 1 Ep.Cor.11.34, etc.;ὥς κα Berl.Sitzb.1927.170
([place name] Cyrene); ὡς ἂν τάχιστα λάβῃς τὴν ἐπιστολήν as soon as.. PCair.Zen.241.1 (iii B. C.), cf. LXX 1 Ki.9.13, Jo.3.8: in orat. obliq. c. inf., Hdt.1.86, 96, al.: expressed more forcibly by ὡς.. τάχιστα, some word or words being interposed, ὡς γὰρ ἐπετρόπευσε τάχιστα as soon as ever.., Id.1.65;ὡς δὲ ἀφίκετο τάχιστα X.Cyr.1.3.2
: less freq. ὡς τάχιστα stand together, Aeschin.2.22: but this usage must be distd. from signf. Ab.111.1c: folld. by demonstr.,ὡς εἶδ', ὣς ἀνεπᾶλτο Il.20.424
;ὡς ἴδεν, ὥς μιν ἔρως πυκινὰς φρένας ἀμφεκάλυψεν 14.294
; alsoὡς.., ἔπειτα 3.396
;Κρονίδης ὥς μιν φράσαθ' ὣς ἐόλητο θυμὸν ἀνωΐστοισιν ὑποδμηθεὶς βελέεσσι Κύπριδος Mosch.2.74
; the second ὣς is repeated,ἁ δ' Ἀταλάντα ὡς ἴδεν, ὣς ἐμάνη, ὣς ἐς βαθὺν ἅλατ' ἔρωτα Theoc.3.41
(ὣς = εὐθέως, Sch.vet.), cf. 2.82; in Bion 1.40 the clauses with ὡς all belong to the protasis.2 ὡς appears to be f.l. for ἕως inὡς ἂν αὑτὸς ἥλιος.. αἴρῃ S.Ph. 1330
,ὡς ἂν ᾖς οἷόσπερ εἶ Id.Aj. 1117
; cf.ὥσπερ 111.1
: but in later Gr. = ἕως, while,ὡς τὸ φῶς ἔχετε Ev.Jo.12.35
, 36;ὡς καιρὸν ἔχομεν Ep.Gal.6.10
, cf. Epigr.Gr.646a5 (p.529); also until,τίθεται ἐπὶ ἀνθράκων ὡς ἀναξηρανθῇ PLeid.X.89
B.; ἔα ἀφρίζειν τὴν πίσσαν ὡς οὗ ἐκλείπῃ ib.37B.; cf. EM824.43 (conversely ἕως for ὡς final, v. ἕως (B) A. 1.4).Ae Local, where, in dialects, Theoc.1.13, 5.101, 103, IG9(2).205.4 (Melitea, iii B. C.), SIG685.63, al. (Cretan, ii B. C.), IG12(1).736.5 ([place name] Camirus), GDI5597.8 (Ephesus, iii B. C.).B [full] ὡς as CONJUNCTION:I with Substantive clauses, to express a fact, = ὅτι, that.II with Final clauses, to express an end or purpose, = ἵνα, ὅπως, so that, in order that.IV Causal, since, because.I with Substantive Clauses, with verbs of learning, saying, etc., that, expressing a fact,γνωτὸν.., ὡς ἤδη Τρώεσσιν ὀλέθρου πείρατ' ἐφῆπται Il.7.402
, cf. Od.3.194, etc.: in commands,προεῖπεν ὡς μηδεὶς κινήσοιτο X.HG2.1.22
: with Verbs of fear or anxiety, c. [tense] fut. indic.,μηκέτ' ἐκφοβοῦ, μητρῷον ὥς σε λῆμ' ἀτιμάσει ποτέ S.El. 1427
, cf. X.Cyr.6.2.30; μὴ φοβοῦ ὡς ἀπορήσεις ib.5.2.12, cf. D.10.36; a sentence beginning with ὡς is sts., when interrupted, resumed by ὅτι, and vice versa, X.Cyr.5.3.30, Pl.R. 470d, Hp.Ma. 281c; so ὡς with a finite Verb passes into the acc. and inf., Hdt.1.70, 8.118: both constructions mixed in the same clause, ἐλογίζετο ὡς.. ἧττον ἂν αὐτοὺς ἐθέλειν .. X.Cyr.8.1.25, cf. HG3.4.27: after primary tenses (incl. historic [tense] pres.) ὡς is folld. by indic., after historic tenses by opt. (sts. by indic., both constructions inὑπίσχοντο.. ἀμυνέειν, φράζοντες ὡς οὔ σφι περιοπτέη ἐστὶ ἡ Ἑλλὰς ἀπολλυμένη.. ἀλλὰ τιμωρητέον εἴη Hdt.7.168
): sts. c. opt. after a primary tense,κατάπτονται.. λέγοντες ὡς Ἀρίστων.. οὐ φήσειε Id.6.69
, cf. 1.70, Th.1.38, Pl.Chrm. 156b.2 with Verbs of feeling,χαίρει δέ μοι ἦτορ, ὥς μευ ἀεὶ μέμνησαι Il.23.648
;ἄχος ἔλλαβ' Ἀχαιοὺς ὡς ἔπεσ' 16.600
.II with Final Clauses, that, in order that; in this sense ὡς and ὡς ἄν, [dialect] Ep. ὥς κεν, are used with the subj. after primary tenses of the indic., and with the opt. after the past tenses,βουλὴν ὑποθησόμεθ'.., ὡς μὴ πάντες ὄλωνται Il.8.37
;τύμβον χεύαμεν.., ὥς κεν τηλεφανὴς.. εἴη Od. 24.83
;ἡμεῖς δ' ἴωμεν ὡς, ὁπηνίκ' ἂν θεὸς πλοῦν ἡμὶν εἴκῃ, τηνικαυθ' ὁρμώμεθα S.Ph. 464
;[νέας] διηκοσίας περιέπεμπον.. ὡς ἂν μὴ ὀφθείησαν Hdt.8.7
. b. rarely c. [tense] fut. indic., ὡς μὴ ὦν αὐτοὶ τε ἀπολέεσθε (cj. Cobet for ἀπόλεσθε)κἀμὲ τρώσετε, ἐς ἄλλον τινὰ δῆμον ἀποίχεσθε Hecat. 30J.
2 ὡς is also used with past tenses of the indic. to express a purpose which has not been or cannot be fulfilled, τί μ' οὐκ ἔκτεινας, ὡς ἔδειξα μήποτε .. ; so that I never should.., S.OT 1392;ἔδει τὰ ἐνέχυρα λαβεῖν, ὡς μηδ' εἰ ἐβούλετο ἐδύνατο ἐξαπατᾶν X.An. 7.6.23
; cf.ἵνα B. 1.3
,ὅπως B. 1.3
.3 ὡς c. inf., to limit an assertion,ὡς μὲν ἐμοὶ δοκέειν Hdt.6.95
, cf. 2.124; ὡς εἰπεῖν λόγῳ ib.53; or ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν, cf.ἔπος 11.4
; ὡς συντόμως, or ὡς συνελόντι εἰπεῖν to speak shortly, to be brief, X.Oec.12.19, Mem.3.8.10; ὡς εἰκάσαι to make a guess, i.e. probably, Hdt.1.34, etc.;ὡς μικρὸν μεγάλῳ εἰκάσαι Th.4.36
(so withoutὡς, οὐ πολλῷ λόγῳ εἰπεῖν Hdt. 1.61
), v. supr. Ab. 11.1, 2.III to express Consequence, like ὥστε, so that, freq. in Hdt., εὖρος ὡς δύο τριήρεας πλέειν ὁμοῦ in breadth such that two triremes could sail abreast, Hdt.7.24;ὑψηλὸν οὕτω.., ὡς τὰς κορυφὰς αὐτοῦ οὐκ οἷά τε εἶναι ἰδέσθαι 4.184
; so in Trag. and Prose, A.Pers. 437, al., S.OT84, X.An.3.5.7, etc.;ἀπέχοντας ἀπ' ἀλλάλων ὡς ἦμεν Ϝικατίπεδον ἄντομον Tab.Heracl.1.75
;οὕτως.. ὡς ὁμολογεῖν Jul.Or.5.164d
;ὡς καὶ τοὺς τεχνίτας λανθάνειν PHolm. 9.13
; also, like ὥστε, with Indic.,οὕτω κλεινὴ ἐγένετο, ὡς.. ἐξέμαθον Hdt.2.135
, cf. S.Tr. 590, X.HG4.1.33.2 ἢ ὡς after a [comp] Comp.,μάσσον' ἢ ὡς ἰδέμεν Pi.O.13.113
;μαλακώτεροι.. ἢ ὡς κάλλιον αὐτοῖς Pl.R. 410d
; cf.ὥστε B. 1.2
: with words implying comparison, ὀλίγοι ἐσμὲν ὡς ἐγκρατεῖς εἶναι αὐτῶν too few to.., X.Cyr.4.5.15, γραῦς εἶ, ὦ Ἐλπινίκη, ὡς τηλικαῦτα διαπράττεσθαι πράγματα too old to.. Stesimbr. 5J.3 ὡς is sts. omitted where the antecedent demonstrative is expressed, οὕτω ἰσχυραί, μόγις ἂν διαρρήξειας so strong, you could hardly break them, Hdt.3.12;ῥώμη σώματος τοιήδε, ἀεθλοφόροι τε ἀμφότεροι ἦσαν Id.1.31
.IV Causal, inasmuch as, since,τί ποτε λέγεις, ὦ τέκνον; ὡς οὐ μανθάνω S.Ph. 914
, cf. E.Ph. 843, 1077, Ar.Ra. 278: c. opt.,μὴ καὶ λάθῃ με προσπεσών· ὡς μᾶλλον ἂν ἕλοιτο μ' ἢ τοὺς πάντας Ἀργείους λαβεῖν S.Ph.46
.C [full] ὡς beforeI Participles;II Prepositions; andIII ὡς itself as a Preposition.I with Participles in the case of the Subject, to mark the reason or motive of the action, as if, as,ὡς οὐκ ἀΐοντι ἐοικώς Il.23.430
(v. infr. G); ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι (i. e. ἡγούμενοι μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερῆσθαι), Pl.R. 329a: most freq. c. part. [tense] fut.,διαβαίνει.., ὡς ἀμήσων τὸν σῖτον Hdt.6.28
, cf. 91; , etc.;δηλοῖς ὥς τι σημανῶν νέον S.Ant. 242
;ὡς τεθνήξων ἴσθι νυνί Ar.Ach. 325
(troch.): in questions,παρὰ Πρωταγόραν νῦν ἐπιχειρεῖς ἰέναι, ὡς παρὰ τίνα ἀφιξόμενος; Pl.Prt. 311b
;ὡς τί δὴ θέλων; E.IT 557
; with vbs. of knowing,ἐπιστάσθω Κροῖσος ὡς ὕστερον.. ἁλοὺς τῆς πεπρωμένης Hdt.1.91
; ὡς μὴ 'μπολήσων ἴσθι .. S.Ant. 1063.2 with Participles in oblique cases, λέγουσιν ἡμᾶς ὡς ὀλωλότας they speak of us as dead, A.Ag. 672; ; ; , cf. Hdt.5.85, 9.54;νῦν δέ σου τὰ ἔργα φανερὰ γεγένηται οὐχ ὡς ἀνιωμένου ἀλλ' ὡς ἡδομένου τοῖς γιγνομένοις Lys.12.32
; (lyr.); ἐν ὀλιγωρίᾳ ἐποιοῦντο, ὡς, ὅταν ἐξέλθωσιν, ἢ οὐχ ὑπομενοῦντας σφᾶς ἢ ῥᾳδίως ληψόμενοι βίᾳ made light of the matter, in the belief that.., Th.4.5.—Both constructions in one sentence,τοὺς κόσμους εἴασε χαίρειν ὡς ἀλλοτρίους τε ὄντας καὶ πλέον θάτερον ἡγησάμενος ἀπεργάζεσθαι Pl.Phd. 114e
, cf. X.Cyr.1.5.9.3 with Parts. put abs. in gen.,νῦν δέ, ὡς οὕτω ἐχόντων, στρατιὴν ἐκπέμπετε Hdt.8.144
; ἐρώταὅτι βούλει, ὡς τἀληθῆ ἐροῦντος X.Cyr.3.1.9
; , cf. 904, A.Pr. 760, E.Med. 1311, Th.7.15, X.An.1.3.6: so also in acc.,μισθὸν αἰτοῦσιν, ὡς οὐχὶ αὐτοῖσιν ὠφελίαν ἐσομένην ἐκ τοῦ ἄρχειν Pl.R. 345e
, cf. E.Ph. 1461: with both cases in one sentence,ὡς καὶ τῶν Ἀθηναίων προσδοκίμων ὄντων ἄλλῃ στρατιᾷ καὶ.. διαπεπολεμησόμενον Th.7.25
, cf. Pl.R. 604b.II ὡς before Preps., ἀνήγοντο ὡς ἐπὶ ναυμαχίαν (v.l. -ίᾳ) Th.1.48, cf. X. HG2.1.22;φρύγανα συλλέγοντες ὡς ἐπὶ πῦρ Id.An.4.3.11
; κατέλαβε τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ὡς ἐπὶ τυραννίδι, expressing the purpose, Th.1.126;ἀπέπλεον.. ὡς ἐς τὰς Ἀθήνας Id.6.61
;πλεῖς ὡς πρὸς οἶκον S.Ph.58
;τὸ βούλευμ' ὡς ἐπ' Ἀργείοις τόδ' ἦν Id.Aj.44
: in these passages ὡς marks an intention; not so in the following:ἀπαγγέλλετε τῇ μητρὶ [χαίρειν] ὡς παρ' ἐμοῦ X.Cyr.8.7.28
; alsoὡς ἀπὸ τῆς πομπῆς Pl.R. 327c
;ὡς ἐκ κακῶν ἐχάρη Hdt.8.101
.b later, in geographical expressions, of direction,προϊών, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸν Πηνειόν Str.9.5.8
, cf. 13.1.22;ὡς πρὸς ἕω βλέπων Id.8.6.1
, cf. 7.6.2; ὡς εἰς Φηραίαν (leg. Ἡραίαν)ἰόντων Id.8.3.32
.III ὡς as a Prep., prop. in cases where the object is a person, not a place: once in Hom., (v.l. ἐς τὸν ὁμοῖον, cf.αἶνος Ὁμηρικός, αἰὲν ὁμοῖον ὡς θεός.. ἐς τὸν ὁμοῖον ἄγει Call.Aet.1.1.10
; ἔρχεται.. ἕκαστον τὸ ὅμοιον ὡς τὸ ὅ., τὸ πυκνὸν ὡς τὸ πυκνόν κτλ. (with v.l. ἐς) Hp.Nat.Puer.17), but possibly ὡς.. ὥς as.. so, in Od. l.c.; also in Hdt.,ἐσελθεῖν ὡς τὴν θυγατέρα 2.121
.έ: freq. in [dialect] Att.,ὡς Ἆγιν ἐπρεσβεύσαντο Th.8.5
, etc.; ;ἀπέπλευσαν ἐς Φώκαιαν.. ὡς Ἀστύοχον Id.8.31
; ναῦς ἐς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ὡς Φαρνάβαζον ἀποπέμπειν ib.39;ὡς ἐκεῖνον πλέομεν ὥσπερ πρὸς δεσπότην Isoc. 4.121
; the examples of ὡς with names of places are corrupt, e.g.ὡς τὴν Μίλητον Th.8.36
(ἐς cod. Vat.); ὡς Ἄβυδον one Ms. in Id.8.103;ὡς τὸ πρόσθεν Ar.Ach. 242
: in S.OT 1481 ὡς τὰς ἀδελφὰς.. τὰς ἐμὰς χέρας is equiv. to ὡς ἐμὲ τὸν ἀδελφόν; in Id.Tr. 366 δόμους ὡς τούσδε house = household.D [full] ὡς in independent sentences:I as an exclamation, how, mostly with Advbs. and Adjs., ὡς ἄνοον κραδίην ἔχες how silly a heart hadst thou! Il.21.441; ὡς ἀγαθὸν καὶ παῖδα λιπέσθαι how good is it.., Od.3.196, cf. 24.194;φρονεῖν ὡς δεινόν S.OT 316
; ὡς ἀστεῖος ὁ ἄνθρωπος how charming he is! Pl.Phd. 116d;ὡς ἐμεγαλύνθη τὰ ἔργα σου, Κύριε LXX Ps.91(92).6
, 103(104).24; in indirect clauses, ἐθαύμασα τοῦτο, ὡς ἡδέως.. ἀπεδέξατο marvelled at seeing how.., Pl. Phd. 89a.2 with Verbs, ὥς μοι δέχεται κακὸν ἐκ κακοῦ αἰεί how constantly.., Il.19.290, cf. 21.273; ὡς οὐκ ἔστι χάρις μετόπισθ' εὐεργέων how little thanks remain! Od.22.319; ὡς ὄχλος νιν.. ἀμφέπει see how.., E.Ph. 148; ὡς ὑπερδέδοικά σου how greatly.., S.Ant.82; so perh.ὡς οἰμώξεται Ar.Ra. 279
; (troch.).II to mark a wish, oh that! c. opt. alone,ὡς ἔρις.. ἀπόλοιτο Il.18.107
;ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος Od.1.47
, cf. S.El. 126 (lyr.); also ὡς ἄν or κε with opt., ;ὥς κέ οἱ αὖθι γαῖα χάνοι 6.281
.2 joined with other words of wishing,ὡς ὤφελες αὐτόθ' ὀλέσθαι 3.428
;ὡς δὴ μὴ ὄφελον νικᾶν Od.11.548
.E [full] ὡς with numerals marks that they are to be taken only as a round number, as it were, about, nearly,σὺν ἀνθρώποις ὡς εἴκοσι X.An.3.3.5
; also ὡς πέντε μάλιστά κῃ about five (v.μάλα 111.5
), Hdt.7.30:—also with words compounded with numerals,δέπας.. ὡς τριλάγυνον Stesich.7
; παῖς ὡς ἑπτέτης of some seven years, Pl. Grg. 471c;δρέπανα ὡς διπήχη X.Cyr.6.1.30
, cf. An.5.4.12; cf. .F [full] ὡς in some elliptical (or apparently elliptical) phrases:1 ὡς τί δὴ τόδε (sc. γένηται); to what end? E.Or. 796 (troch.); cf.ἵνα B.11.3c
.2 know that (sc. ἴσθι), ὡς ἔστιν ἀνδρὸς τοῦδε τἄργα ταῦτά σοι S.Aj.39
; ; , cf. Med. 609, Ph. 720; ὡς τάχ' οὐκέθ' αἱματηρὸν.. ἀργήσει ξίφος ib. 625 (troch.); so in Com.,ὡς ἔστ' ἐν ἡμῖν τῆς πόλεως τὰ πράγματα Ar.Lys.32
, cf. 499 (anap.), Ach. 333 (troch.), Nu. 209; also .3 ὡς ἕκαστος, ἕκαστοι, each severally (whether in respect of time, place, or other difference),ξυνελέγοντο.. Κορίνθιοι δισχίιοι ὁπλῖται, οἱ δ' ἄλλοι ὡς ἕκαστοι, Φλειάσιοι δὲ πανστρατιᾷ Th.5.57
, cf. 1.107, 113; πρώτη τε αὕτη πόλις ξυμμαχὶς παρὰ τὸ καθεστηκὸς ἐδουλώθη, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὡς ἑκάστη [ξυνέβη] (ξ. secl. Krüger: ἀπὸ κοινοῦ ἐδουλώθη Sch.l.c.) Id.1.98; ἄλλοι τε παριόντες ἐγκλήματα ἐποιοῦντο ὡς ἕκαστοι ib.67, cf. 7.65; χρησμολόγοι τε ᾖδον χρησμοὺς παντοίους, ὧν ἀκροᾶσθαι ὡς ἕκαστος ὥρμητο, i. e. different persons ran to listen to different prophecies, Id.2.21; τὰς ἄλλας ὡς ἑκάστην ποι ἐκπεπτωκυῖαν ἀναδησάμενοι ἐκόμιζον ἐς τὴν πόλιν they made fast to the rest wherever each (ship) had been run ashore, Id.7.74; οἱ δ' οὖν ὡς ἕκαστοι Ἕλληνες κατὰ πόλεις τε ὅσοι ἀλλήλων ξυνίεσαν καὶ ξύμπαντες ὕστερον κληθέντες οὐδὲν πρὸ τῶν Τρωικῶν.. ἁθρόοι ἔπραξαν the various peoples that were later called by the common name of Greeks, Id.1.3;ὡς ἑκάστῳ ἔργον προστάσσων Hdt.1.114
; ὡς ἑκάστην ( one by one) αἱρέοντες (sc. τὰς νήσους) , cf. 79;ὡς ἑκασταχόσε D.C.41.9
, al.; rarely with a Verb,ὡς ἕκαστος ἀπικνέοιτο Hdt.1.29
, cf. Th.6.2: later ὡς followsἕκαστος, ἑκάστῳ ὡς ὁ Θεὸς ἐμέρισεν μέτρον πίστεως Ep.Rom.12.3
:—for the etymology v. infr. H; alsoὡς ἑκάτεροι Th.3.74
(v. infr. H).G [full] ὡς pleonast. inὡς ὅτι D.H. 9.14
, 2 Ep.Cor.11.21, Sch.A Il.1.264, 129, 396, 3.280, AP9.530, dub.l. in Str.15.1.57.H Etymology: this word is in origin five distinct words: (1) ὡς 'as' is the Adv. fr. the Relat. ὅς (I.-E. stem yo-); with ὡς βέλτιστος cf. Skt. yācchrē[snull ][tnull ]á[hudot ] 'the best possible': (2) ὧς ' thus' is the Adv. of a Demonstr. stem so- found in Skt. sa, Gr. ὁ, Lat. sō-c (Gloss. = ita, cf. Umbr. esoc); (3) ὡς postpositive (ὄρνιθες ὥς, etc.) constantly makes a preceding short closed syll. long in Hom., and must therefore have been ϝως; it may perh. be related to Skt. vā, a form of va, iva ( = (1) or (2) like), Lat. ve, Gr. ἦ[ϝ] ε; (4) ὡς prep. 'to' is of doubtful origin (perh. fr. Ως, cogn. with Lat. ōs 'face', Skt. ās: Ως τινα ἐλθεῖν like τί δέ δε φρένας ἵκετο πένθος;); (5) ὡς F.3 is prob. ϝως, Adv. of ϝός the reflexive Adj., and means lit. in his (their) own way (or place); it is idiomatically placed before ἕκαστος ([etym.] ἑκάτερος), cf.ϝὸν ϝεκάτερος Leg.Gort.1.18
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13 πρέσβυς
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `the old, aged one' (poet. Pi., trag.), `president' (Sparta); pl. πρέσβεις most `ambassador, messenger' (Att., Dor. inscr.); besides πρεσβ-ῆες (Hes. Sc. 245), - εῦσιν (Lyc.), du. -ῆ (Att.); cf. below on πρεσβεύω.Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in πρεσβυ-γενής `first-born' (A 249 a.o.).Derivatives: 1. Comp. forms: πρεσβύ-τερος (with - τέριον `council of elders' [N.T.]), - τατος `old, venerable, the eldest, most venerable' (Il.); also πρέσβιστος `most venerable' (h. Hom., A., S. a.o.) after κράτιστος, κύδιστος, with the cross πρεσβίστ-ατος (Nic.). 2. Feminins: πρέσβα ( θεά) `the venerable', of Hera a.o. (ep. Il.), after πότνα ( θεά)?; πρέσβεα ( μήτηρ; poet. inscr. from Caria II-Ia), metr. cond.; πρέσβειρα ( θεῶν a.o.; h. Ven. etc.), after πίειρα, - άνειρα a.o.; πρεσβηΐς ( τιμή h. Hom.), after βασιληΐς a.o., cf. πρεσβῆες above. 3. πρεσβ-ήϊον n. `gift of honour' (Θ 289), - εῖον `privilege (of age)' (Att., hell.). 4. - εία f. `right, privilege (of age)' (A., Pl.), usu. `embassy' (Att.; to πρεσβεύω). 5. πρεσβύ̄της m. `the old, aged one', enlargement of πρέσβυς after πολίτης a.o. (not with Fraenkel Glotta 34, 301 ff. innovation to πρεσβῦτις; IA.) with f. - ῦτις, adj. - υτικός `senile' (Att. etc.). 6. πρεσβῠ́της, - ητος f., Dor. - τας. - τατος `(higher) age' (inscr. Messene Ia [completed] a.o.; after νεότης). 7. πρέσβις f. `age, rank', only in κατὰ πρέσβιν (h. Merc., Pl. a.o.); after κατὰ τάξιν a.o. 8. πρέσβος n. `(object of) veneration', after κῦδος, κράτος a.o. 9. πρεσβ-εύω `to be the eldest, to have precedence, to be ambassador', trans. `to attend, venerate like a πρέσβυς', midd. `to send ambassadors', also w. παρα-, συν-, ἀπο- a.o., with - ευτής m. `ambassador, messenger' (Att.; as singulative to πρέσβεις). - ευτικός, - εύτειρα, - ευτεύω, - ευμα, - ευσις; partly also πρεσβεία (s. ab. 4) and, as backformation, πρεσβεῦσιν dat. pl. (Lyc.; s. ab.; cf. Bosshardt 63). -- 10. Shortnames like Πρέσβων (to πρέσβειρα after πέπειρα: πέπων? Fraenkel KZ 43, 216 n.2). Πρέσβος a.o., s. Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 385. -- On the diff. writings and formations s. Lejeune Mém. de phil. myc. 239ff.Etymology: Beside the above forms stand in Doric, esp. in Crete, and in Northwestgr. several byforms with γ for β and changing initial syllable: πρεῖγυς, πρείγιστος with comp. πρείγων, πρειγ-εύω with - ευτάς, -ήϊα, - εία; also πρείγα f. `council of elders' (Locris); πρεσγευτάς, πρεγγ-; later πρήγιστος with (Cos) - ιστεύω; πρεσγέα = πρεσβεία (Argos), πρισγε(ι)ες (Boeot.); also σπέργυς πρέσβυς and πέργουν πρέσβεις H. Common basis prob. πρεσγ- (with voiced σ; cf. πρεζβευτάς Delphi); from there through phonetical, in detail uncertain developments the other forms, s. Schwyzer 276, Seiler Steigerungsformen 59, Thumb-Kieckers 158, Kapsomenos Glotta 40, 46ff., Masson Glotta 41, 65ff., Lejeune l.c. (with rejection of Mycenaean interpretations). -- From the interchange β: γ follows an orig. IE labiovelar gʷ; the preceding syllable, prob. to be taken as the 1. member of a compound, contains as is generally assumed a frozen adverb πρές `in front' (s. πρός). The final syllable resp. the final member is debated. By Bezzenberger BB 4, 345, Bloomfield AmJPh 29, 79 ff. compared with Skt. puro-gavá- `leader', of which the 2. member is derived both from gaúḥ = βοῦς (so prop. *"leading bull"), as, and on better grounds, from a word for `go' (in βαίνω, βῆναι resp. Skt. jávate `run') (so prop. *"who goes in fromt"). Thus a.o. Fraenkel Glotta 32, 17 u. 34, 301 ff., who wants to explain also Lith. žmogùs `man' in this way (prop. "going on earth"; s. also Wb. s.v. w. lit.); on the Skt. word esp Mayrhofer s. puráḥ. -- Very temptong is the connection with Arm. erēc̣, gen. eric̣u `elder, priest' (Meillet in Lejeune op. cit. 240 n. 9), of which the ē prob. continues a diphthong ei or oi (IE * preisgʷu-?) and usu. connected with Lat. prīscus. Cf. on μεσσηγύς: the second member continues a root * gʷeu-, a variant of * gʷem-.Page in Frisk: 2,592-593Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πρέσβυς
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14 συμβάλλω
συμβάλλω, [tense] fut. - βᾰλῶ: [tense] aor. - έβᾰλον, inf. - βᾰλεῖν: [tense] pf. - βέβληκα: [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Pass. - εβλήθην:—of these tenses Hom. uses only [tense] pres. [voice] Act., [tense] aor. [voice] Act. and [voice] Med., but most commonly [dialect] Ep. intr. [tense] aor. forms συμβλήτην, -βλήμεναι, [voice] Med. σύμβλητο, -βληντο, -βλήμενος, subj. [ per.] 2sg. - βλήεαι prob. cj. for - βλήσεαι in Il.20.335, [ per.] 3sg. [var] contr.A- βληται Od.7.204
:—throw together, dash together, σύν ῥ' ἔβαλον ῥινούς, of men in close combat, Il.4.447, 8.61; , Ar. Pax 1274 (hex.), X.HG4.3.19, etc.; bring together, unite, e.g. of rivers that fall into one another, ; :— [voice] Med.,πολλοὶ ποταμοὶ σ. τὸ σφέτερον ὕδωρ Hdt.4.50
(cf. δάκρυα δάκρυσι ς. E.Or. 336 (lyr., [voice] Act.)); ὁ Ἀκεσίνης τῷ Ἰνδῷ τὸ ὕδωρ ς. Arr.An.6.1.5; σ. τὰ ὦτα πρὸς τὴν γῆν have their ears reaching to.., Arist.HA 606a15:—[voice] Pass., κατὰ τὰς ῥᾶγας συμβεβλημένων [τῶν δακτύλων] Sor. 2.60.4 intr. in [voice] Act., fit (cf.σύμβολον 1.1
), Arist.EE 1239b14; to be suitable,τὰ χεδροπὰ σ. εἰς τὰς νέας Thphr.CP3.20.7
(unless = sow, set).b to be profitable,σ. τῷ πολιτικῷ.. δικαίῳ εἶναι Phld.Rh.2.285
S.;σ. ἀναμένειν ἡμέραν μίαν Gal.16.496
.5 intr., come together, ἔνθα δίστομοι.. σ. ὁδοί where two roads join, S.OC 901, cf. Str.6.3.7; τὰ συμβάλλοντα the watersmeet, IG9(2) p.xi (Delph., iii/ii B.C.); [φλὲψ] σ. τῇ ἀποσχίσει Arist.HA 514a12
; collide,τοὺς τύπους ἀνάγκη συμβάλλειν ἑαυτοῖς Thphr.Sens.52
: Geom., meet, τὸ σημεῖον, καθ' ὃ συμβάλλουσιν the point in which (the straight lines) meet, Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.23, etc.6 βλέφαρα σ. ὕπνῳ close the eyes in sleep, A.Ag.15; σ. ὄμμα, in death, ib. 1294 (but ποῖον ὄμμα συμβαλῶ; how shall I meet her eyes with mine? E.IA 455).7 generally, join, unite, σ. σχοινία twist ropes (cf. συμβολεύς), Ar. Pax 37; soτοπεῖα IG22.1672.311
(iv B.C.);ὠμόλινον σ. πεντάπλουν Hp.Fist.4
;στέφανον Philostr.Her.Prooem.
; [αἱ φλέβες] σ. [τὸ σῶμα] εἰς ἕν Arist.PA 668b24
; fit together,ἁρμούς IG7.4255.23
(Oropus, iv B.C.); σ. καὶ κολλῆσαι ib. 22.1668.73 (iv B.C.);κεραῖαι συμβεβλημέναι PCair.Zen.566.10
(iii B.C.); δεξιὰς σ. ἀλλήλοισι join hands, E.IA58.8 σ. συμβόλαιά τινι or πρός τινα make a contract with a person, esp. lend him money on bond, D. 34.1, Pl.R. 425c, cf. Th.5.77 ([voice] Med.); συμβόλαιον εἰς τἀνδράποδα συμβεβλημένον money lent on the security of the slaves, D.27.27: abs., in same sense, Isoc.21.13; make a contract, Pl.Alc.1.125d, OGI669.21 (Egypt, i A.D.), Cod.Just.1.3.55.4; of a marriage contract, Mitteis Chr.372 vi 22, cf. 8 (ii A.D.); advance, lend,πέρα μεδίμνου κριθῶν Is.10.10
; ἱμάτια, χρυσία, etc., Ar.Ec. 446; ἐπί τισι on certain terms, D.H.6.29;σ. δανεισμῷ Pl.Lg. 921d
; ὁ συμβαλών the lender, creditor, D.56.2, cf. D.H.5.63 (but οἱ συμβ. the borrowers, debtors, Id.4.9):— [voice] Med., with [tense] pf. [voice] Pass., pay a share, contribute, ὁλκάδα οἱ συμβαλέεσθαι give him a merchant-vessel, Hdt.3.135, cf. Lys.32.24, X.Ages. 2.27; σ. χρήματά τινι εἰς τροφὴν τῶν στρατιωτῶν advance it, Id.An. 1.1.9, cf. IG7.2418 (Thebes, iv B.C.);τριήρεις εἰς κίνδυνον Isoc.4.98
; (iii B.C.).9 generally, contribute:— [voice] Pass.,συμβάλλεταί τις.. μερίς Alex.149.4
:—in this sense mostly in [voice] Med., τέμενος συμβάλλεσθαι add thereto, Pi.I.1.59; , cf. Hp.Aër.2, Sosip.1.37, Damox.2.11; τὸ μὴ ἀγανακτεῖν.. ἄλλα τέ μοι πολλὰ συμβάλλεται, καὶ.. many circumstances contribute to my feeling no vexation, and especially.., Pl.Ap. 36a;σ. βοήθειαν οὐ σμικρὰν πρός τι Id.Lg. 836b
; τιμὴν καὶ δόξαν τῇ πόλει ς. Isoc.Ep.8.6;οὐ δεῖ λογίζεσθαι, πότερος πλείω συμβέβληται X.Oec.7.13
; freq. with μέρος as obj., ἔργων οὐκ ἐλάχιστον μέρος ς. And.1.143;μέρος σ. πρὸς ἀρετήν Pl.Lg. 836d
, cf. R. 331b, D.41.11;οὐκ ἐλάχιστον μέρος πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν Isoc.7.79
;συμβαλλέσθω τὸ μέρος ἕκαστος εἰς τὸ ἀνάλωμα PHal.1.108
, cf. 113 (iii B.C.);τὴν μεγίστην εἰς αὐτὰ μοῖραν Pl.Ti. 47c
, cf. X.Cyr.6.1.28: also abs., οὔτε ποταμὸς οὔτε κρήνη οὐδεμία ἐσδιδοῦσα ἐς πλῆθός οἱ συμβάλλεται contributes to its volume, Hdt.4.50;σ. πρὸς τὸ λανθάνειν X.Cyr.2.4.21
, cf. Isoc.7.21; συμβαλλόμενα contributory causes, Thphr.Sud.6: abs., to be helpful, , cf. Pl.Lg. 905b, D.21.133; φόνου κηκὶς ξ. contributes to the proof, A.Ch. 1012: rarely c. gen. partit., ξυμβάλλεται πολλὰ τοῦδε δείματος many things contribute [ their share] of this fear, i.e. join in causing it, E.Med. 284.10 συμβάλλεσθαι γνώμας contribute one's opinion to a discussion, Hdt.8.61;περί τινος Pl.Plt. 298c
;συμβαλέσθαι περί τινος λόγους X.Cyr.2.2.21
; λόγον σ. περὶ βίου contribute an opinion about life, Pl.Lg. 905c; also συμβαλέσθαι τι to have something to say, Id. Ion 532c, cf. 533a; ταῦτά σοι περὶ Ἔρωτος ς. Id.Smp. 185c; συμβαλοῦ γνώμην contribute your opinion, help in judging, S.OC 1151; σ. τὴν γνώμην τῆς βουλῆς, with or without εἰς τὸν δῆμον, communicate it, IG22.79.6, 103.17, al.; cast votes, Schwyzer 84.15 (Tylisus, v B.C.).II συμβάλλειν (sc. λόγους) converse, σ. τινί or πρός τινα, Plu.2.222c, Act.Ap.4.15:—[voice] Med., ἀτὰρ τί ἐγὼ περὶ κλοπῆς ς.; X.An.4.6.14.II bring men together in hostile sense, pit them against each other, match them,ἀμφοτέρους θεοὶ σύμβαλον Il.20.55
;ἐμὲ.. καὶ Μενέλαον συμβάλετε.. μάχεσθαι 3.70
; σ. σκύμνον λέοντος σκύλακι κυνός set one to fight with the other, Hdt.3.32; ἄνδρα ἀνδρὶ καὶ ἵππον ἵππῳ ς. Id.5.1;τοὺς ἡβῶντας σ. εἰς ἔριν περὶ ἀρχῆς X.Lac.4.2
; ἀλεκτρυόνας ς. Id.Smp.4.9;ἄνδρας φίλους Id.Cyr.6.1.32
;εἰς χεῖρα δοῦλον δεσπότῃ μὴ συμβάλῃς Philem. 206
: metaph., ἀναισχυντίᾳ σ. τινὰ καὶ προσγυμνάζειν make him contend with.., Pl.Lg. 647c.b [voice] Med., join in fight,σὺν δ' ἐβάλοντο μάχεσθαι ἐναντίον Il.12.377
.c intr., come together,σύμβαλον μάχεσθαι 16.565
; also ς. alone, come to blows, engage, ; freq. in Hdt., either abs., as 1.77,82, or c. dat. pers., ib.80, 104;Ἄρης Ἄρει δυμβαλεῖ, Δίκα Δίκᾳ A.Ch. 461
(lyr.); Ἕλληνες Μήδοις ς. Simon.136; alsoσ. πρός τινα X.Cyr.7.1.20
, Isoc.4.69;εἰς μονομαχίαν πρός τινα Str.14.5.16
; συμβάλλων coming into collision, Pl.Plt. 273a, cf. Wilcken Chr.16.6 (ii A.D.).2 σ. πόλεμον καὶ δηϊοτῆτα engage in war, Il.12.181 (prob. interpol.); so in Trag.,σ. βάκχαις μάχην E.Ba. 837
;ἔχθραν τινί Id.Med.44
; ἔριν φίλοις ib. 521: metaph., συμβαλεῖν ἔπη κακά bandy reproaches, S. Aj. 1323; .3 [voice] Med., fall in with one, meet him, c. dat., freq. in Hom., who uses [dialect] Ep. [tense] aor. forms beginning ξυμβλη- or συμβλη- solely in this sense,Νέστορι δὲ ξύμβληντο Il.14.27
, cf. 39;εἰ δ' ἄρα τις.. ξύμβληται ὁδίτης Od.7.204
;ξυμβλήμενος ἄλλος ὁδίτης 11.127
; ὅτε κεν συμβλήσεαι (leg. - βλήεαι)αὐτῷ Il.20.335
;ξυμβλήτην ἀλλήλοιιν Od.21.15
.4 so in [voice] Act., συμβαλών having met, A.Ch. 677; οἱ συμβάλλοντες those who come in contact with one, Plu.Marc.20; φιλοσόφῳ ς. Arr.Epict.3.9.13, cf. 12, POxy. 1063 (ii/iii A.D.), PFay.129.2 (iii A.D.).III compare,σμικρὰ μεγάλοισι Hdt.2.10
;ἑωυτόν τινι Id.3.160
;ἓν πρὸς ἕν Id.4.50
;τι πρός τι Lycurg.68
;πρὸς ἄλληλα Pl.Tht. 186b
;οὐδὲν ἦν τούτων.. πρὸς ἀτταγῆνα συμβαλεῖν Phoenicid.2.5
:—[voice] Pass., Hdt.2.10, 3.125; τὸ ἀργύριον τὸ Βαβυλώνιον πρὸς τὸ Εὐβοικὸν συμβαλλόμενον τάλαντον the Babyl. talent being compared with, reduced to, the Euboic, ib.95.b compare for the purpose of checking, μέτρῳ συμβεβλημένῳ πρὸς τὸ χαλκοῦν Wilcken Chr.410.11 (iii B.C.), etc.2 [voice] Med., reckon, compute, Hdt.2.31, 4.15, 6.63,65:—[voice] Pass.,ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ ἡμερησίη ἀνὰ διηκόσια στάδια συμβέβληταί μοι Id.4.101
.3 conclude, infer, conjecture, interpret,συμβαλεῖν τι Pi.N.11.33
; σ. ὅτι .. Pl.Cra. 412c; τοῦτο ς. S.OC 1474; τοῦτο σ., ὅτι.. Ar.V.50; τὰ πρὶν οὐκ εὔγνωστα ς. E.Or.[1394];εὖ ξυνέβαλεν αὐτά Ar.Eq. 427
;ἣν [νόσον] οὐδ' ἂν εἷς γνοίη ποτ' οὐδ' ἂν ξυμβάλοι Id.V.72
;σ. ἔπη E.Med. 675
;τοὖναρ Id.IT55
;τὴν μαντείαν Pl.Cra. 384a
;τὸν χρησμόν Arist.Fr. 532
, cf. 76;σήματα σ., εἰ.. ἤ.. Arat.1146
: abs., καθὼς συμβάλλομεν ἐκ τοὖ .. Sor.2.63:—[voice] Med., abs., Heraclit.47, freq. in Hdt., as 2.33, 4.87: c. acc., make out, understand, τὸ πρῆγμα ib. 111;σ. τι ἔκ τινος 6.107
; τῇδε, ὅτι .. from the fact that.., 3.68: c. acc. et inf., 1.68, 2.33, 112, al.; folld. by indirect question, 4.45.IV agree, arrange,καθάπερ ξυνέβαλον ἢ διέθεντο IG12.46.14
;πρὸς ἐμὲ πάντες συμβάλλετε X.Cyr. 6.2.41
:—[voice] Med., make a treaty, Foed. ap. Th.5.77; agree upon, fix, settle,λόφον εἰς ὃν δέοι ἁλίζεσθαι X.An.6.3.3
;ἔδει σε, καθότι συνεβάλου ἡμῖν, Ἡρακλείδην.. ἀπεσταλκέναι PCair.Zen.314.1
(iii B.C.).Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > συμβάλλω
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15 ἰάομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `heal'.Other forms: Aor. ἰάσασθαι, Ion. ἰήσασθαι (Il.), pass. ἰάθην, ἰήθην (IA), fut. ἰάσομαι, ἰήσομαι (Od.), perf. ἴαμαι (Ev. Marc. 5, 29),Dialectal forms: Myc. ijateDerivatives: 1. ἴαμα, ἴημα (Ion. forms not esp. noted) n. `medicine, healing' (IA) with ἰαματικός (Cyran.); 2. ἴασις `healing' (IA) with ἰάσιμος `curable' (Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 71f.), prob. also ἰασιώνη plant-name, `Convolvulus sepium (?)' (Thphr., Plin.); Strömberg Pflanzennamen 81 because of the medical (though unknown) use; 3. Ίασώ f. name of a healing goddess (Ar., Herod.), from ἴασις or from the aor., cf. Καλυψώ. 4. ἰατήρ `physician' (Il., Cypr., with ἰήτειρα adj. f. `healing' (Marc. Sid.), ἰατήριον`medicine, healing' (medic., Q. S.); 5. ἰάτωρ `id.' (Alcm., Thess. inscr.) with ἰατορία `medical art' (B., S. in lyr.); 6. ἰατής `id.' (LXX) with ἰατικός (Str.) 7. usu.. ἰατρός `id.' (Il.), with ἰατρικός, ἡ ἰατρική ( τέχνη) `art of healing' (IA), ἰάτρια f. `midwife' (Alex.), ἰατρίνη `id.' (Rom. empire, cf. Schulze Kl. Schr. 428 m. n. 3), ἰατρεύω `heal' (Hp.) with ἰατρεία, - εῖον, ἰάτρευσις, - ευμα, - ευτικός; 8. ἴατρα n. pl. `payment for healing' (Epidauros, Herod.). More on ἰατήρ, ἰάτωρ, ἰατρός in Fraenkel Nom. ag. (s. index); on the diff. ἰατήρ: ἰάτωρ Benveniste Noms d'agent 46, also Schwyzer 531. - Here Ἰάσων? (s.v.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Unexplained. Compared with ἰαίνω, Brugmann Grundr. 21, 1086 (= 22: 3, 199) proposes: ἰῶμαι \< *isā-i̯o-mai beside ἰαίνω = Skt. iṣaṇ-yá-ti like δρῶ \< *drā-i̯ō beside δραίνω (but δραίνω is rather an innovation, s. on δράω. Schwyzer 681 a. 683 explains ἰάομαι as thematic tansformation of an athematic *ἴᾰ-μαι (in Ία-μενόν Μ 139, 193 and in Cypr. ἰϳασθαι?); but such a form can hardly be IE. Diff. Wißmann Nom. postv. 1, 127 n. 1: ἰάομαι deverbative. - Doubts on the connection with ἰαίνω in Schulze Q. 381f.; wrong Ehrlich Betonung 136 (to Lat. sānus) and Theander Eranos 20, 33 (from ἰά). On the quantity of the ἰ- (in Hom. ῑ-, later also ῐ-) Schulze l. c., Sommer Lautstud. 9f. See N. van Brock, Vocab. médic. 9ff. Laryngalbetrachtungen bei Sturtevant Lang. 16, 86f.Page in Frisk: 1,704-705Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἰάομαι
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16 κύπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `bend forward, stoop, (run) with the head down' (IA).Derivatives: ἐπί-, κατά-, παρά-, πρό-κυψις `stoopng' (medic., hell.); συγκύπ-ται pl. `rafters, sloping beams' (Ath. Mech.), παρακυπτ-ικός `looking inside, inspect inquisitively' ( Cod. Iust.). Adv. κύβ-δα `bent forward' (Archil., com.). Enlarged present κυπτάζω `keep stooping, go poking about' (com.). - Besides κῡφός `bent forwards, hunchbacked' (β 16) with several derivv.: κύφων, - ωνος m. `bent yoke of the plough, pillory, who has had is neck in a pillory, curved beam etc.' (Thgn., Archil., com. etc.) with κυφώνιον kind of salve (Alex. Trall.), - ισμός `punishment by the κ,' (sch.); κυφότης `being bent' (Hld.), κῦφος n. `hump, hunch' (Hdn.; Schwyzer 512). Denomin. κυφόομαι `be bent, humpbacked' with κύφωσις `being humpbacked', - ωμα `hump' (medic.); as backformation (to κυφός or κέκυφα?) κύφω in κύφοντα ὀφθαλμοῖς `with downcast eyes' (LXX). - With factitive meaning κυπόω `overthrow', only ( ἀνα-) κυπώσας (Lyc., Nic.); after τύπτω (: τύπος): τυπόω?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: As κῡφός is in Greek isolated in its formation, it may be original as against the regular κύπτω (with old perfect κέκῡφα?). κυφός has been compared with Skt. kubhrá- m. `humpbacked bull', kubjá- `humpbacked, curved', for which recently mundide origin has been claimed; a reduplicated formation is found in Skt. kakúbh- f. `top, summit, hump'. Directe comparison of κῦφος n. with Av. kaōfa- m. `mountain, camel-hump' (Brandenstein Μνήμης χάριν 1, 53) is deceptive, as κῦφος was built in Greek to κυφός. Of words with final -p- may be mentioned Lith. kuprà, OHG hovar `hump'. Uncertain is the relation to diverse glosses as κύφερον η κυφήν κεφαλήν. Κρῆτες H. (cf. Bechtel Dial. 2, 789) [prob.not here; see 2. κύμβη], also words for `pot, jar' as Skt. kumbhá-, Av. xumba- m. (cf. Sturtevant Lang. 17, 10). Cf. further on κύπελλον, 1. κύμβη, κύβος, κυψέλη. The variation κυφ- κυπ- rather points to a Pre-Greek word; there is no good IE comparandum.Page in Frisk: 2,52-53Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κύπτω
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17 μαίομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `seek after, for, search for, touch, pursue', in present also `seek to attain' (Il.).Derivatives: Verbaladj.: ἀ-προτί-μαστος `untouched' (Τ 263), ἐπί-μαστος adjunct of ἀλήτης (υ 377), meaning unclear, cf. Bechtel Lex. s. v. - Nom. actionis: μάσμα n. `searching' (Cratin. 424, Pl. Kra. 421 b), μαστύς, - ύος f. `id.' (Call. Fr. 277; Benveniste Noms d'agent 73). -- Nom. agentis: μαστήρ m. (also f., Schwyzer 530) `searcher' (trag.), also name of an Athen. officer (Hyp.), cf. Benveniste 40, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 4; with μάστειρα f. (A.), μαστήριος Έρμῆς `God of the tracing' (A.; Schulze Kl. Schr. 168 n. 3); Μάστωρ ep. PN (Benveniste 54, Fraenkel 1, 14; 2, 11); μαστρός m. name of a financial officer (Pellene, Rhodos, Delphi) with μαστρικός (Delphi IIa), μα-στρ(ε)ία, El. μαστράα = εὔθυνα (Messen. Ip, H.), cf. Schwyzer 532 w. n. 2, details in Fraenkel 1, 163 n. 2; as 1.(?) member in μαστρ-οπός m. f. `procur(ess)' with - οπικός, - οπεύω, - οπεία (Att.); hypocor. μάστρυς f. (Phot.). - Denomin. in -( τ)εύω (Schwyzer 732): μαστεύω `search' (Pi., A.; Epid., X.) with μάστ-ευσις (Epid. IVa, Archim.), - ευτής (X., Fraenkel 2, 62), - εία (VIp); vgl. ματεύω. -- Here perh. also PN like Εὔ-μαιος, Οἰνό-μαος, Μαίων (ep.). -- On μάστιξ, μάσθλης s. vv. On μαστροπός s.v, which is Pre-Greek.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The sigmatic forms, e.g. aor. - μάσσασθαι and ἀ-προτί-μαστος, make for μαίομαι a basis *μασ-ι̯ο-μαι possible; the σ-forms may however also belong to ματέω, ματεύω, s. v. - Usually μαίομαι `touch' and μαίομαι `strive, try' (the latter with gen.) are considered as two diff. verbs (Bechtel Lex. s. v., WP. 2, 220 a. 238f., Pok. 693 a. 704f., Schwyzer-Debrunner 105); but the meaning `try to reach, strive after' can be explained easily from the conative aspect of the present-stem. - No clear agreement. In the sense of `touch' compared with some words for `beckon with the hand etc.', e.g. OCS na-ma-jǫ, - jati `beckon', Lith. mó-ju, --ti `beckon', mos-úoti `turn, swing', with also μηνύω (s.v.); as `strive, try' however to μαιμάω, μῶμαι (s. vv.). -- After Belardi Maia 2, 277ff. (s. also Doxa 3, 213) as `touch' to μάρη etc.Page in Frisk: 2,161-162Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μαίομαι
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18 εὐθενέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `thrive, flourish', of animals and plants, also metaph. of towns, peoples etc. (A., Arist.);Compounds: as 1. member in εὐθηνι-άρχης `commissioner of (corn)supply' with - αρχέω, - ία, - ικός (pap.; also εὑθενι-).Derivatives: εὐθένεια, - ία (- ίη Epigr. Ia) `thriving situation, fullness, supply, annona' (Arist. as v. l. beside εὐθηνία, pap. of Rom. times) with εὐθενιακός (pap.). - Also εὐθηνέω `id.' (h. Hom. 30, 10, Hdt., Hp.) with εὐθηνία = εὐθενεια, - ία (Arist. as v. l.); - rare and late adj.: εὐθενής εὐπαθοῦσα, ἰσχυρά H. with εὐθενέστατος (pap. VIp), εὐθηνός `thriving' (Hdn. Epim. 175, Lyd. Ost. [VIp]).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The explanation depends of the relation between these forms. If the forms with - ε- are original, εὐθενέω will be a denominative of εὐθενής, to which was made the abstract εὐθένεια, - ία. We would have to start from a noun *θένος besie φόνος in the ἅπ. λεγ. φόνον αἵματος (Π 162), if this is `mass of blood', which is not certain, s. s. v. That would give *θένος: εὐθενής: εὐθένεια: εὐθενέω like μένος: εὐμενής: εὐμένεια: εὐμενέω. But εὐθενής is rare and late, while εὐθενέω is older. Then the agreement with Skt. ā-hanás- `thriving, full' (Bechtel Lex. 78f. with Fick BB 8, 330), IE *- gʷhenes- becomes doubtfull. To ā-hanás- and εὑ-θενής are further connected Skt. ghana- `solid, thick, full of' (ep. class.; very doubtfull RV. 1, 8, 3), NPers. ā-ganiš `full', ā-gandan `fill on'; from Balto-Slavic further Lith. ganà `enough', OCS goněti `be enough'; finally Alb. zânë `solid, thick', IE * gʷhen- (Jokl Mélanges Pedersen 131) and Arm. y-ogn `multum, very, much' (the last quite uncertain). Unclear are PN in - φόντης as Κρεσ-φόντης (cf. on κράτος), Πολυ-φόντης as well as φανᾶν θέλειν H. Far remain the unclear ἄφενος and παρθένος (s. vv.). The - η- in εὐθηνέω etc. can be old lengthened grade; secondary lengthening (after κτῆνος, μῆλα etc.?; Fraenkel Lexis 3, 61) cannot be excluded. - If we assume an original η-vowel, εὑθενέω could be a comparable derailment (after σθένος?; Sommer Lautstud. 66) or old weak grade (Schwyzer 340f.); Gr. *θῆνος has been compared with Lat. fēnus `produce' (to fē-līx, s. θῆλυς, and θῆ-σθαι) which could be phonetically and semantically identical (cf. Fick 1, 415, Froehde BB 21, 326f.), if the connection with Skt. ā-hanás- etc. is given up. - See Bq s. v., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. ganà.Page in Frisk: 1,586-587Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εὐθενέω
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19 θώραξ
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `cuirass' (Il.), `trunk, chest' (Hp.).Dialectal forms: Myc. to-ra-ke n.pl.Derivatives: θωρακεῖον (A., inscr.), θωράκιον (Plb.) `breastwork, parapet'; θωρηκτής `soldier with cuirass' (Il.; on the formation Trümpy [s. below] Redard Les noms grecs en - της 14, 232 n. 8), θωρακίτης `id.' (Plb.); θωρακικός `belonging to the trunk' (Aët.), θωρακαῖος `with cuirass (?)' (Delos IIa). Denomin. verbs: 1. θωρήσσομαι, -ω `put on a cuirass, armour yourself' (Il.), also metaph. `strengthen onseself (with wine, οἴνῳ, etc.)' (Hp., Thgn.) with θώρηξις `drinking to intoxication' (medic.). 2. θωρακίζω `armour' (Th., X.) with θωρακισμός (LXX).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Technical word without etymology, probably a loan. Earlier as inherited connected with Skt. dhāraka- `container' (cf. on θρᾶνος, θρόνος), but also as LW [loanword] compared with Lat. lōrīca. The meaning `trunk etc.' is prob. as medical term secondary against `cuirass, armour'. - Ample treatment by Trümpy Fachausdrücke 10ff. Also Hester, Lingua 13 (1965) 354. - Most prob. a Pre-Greek word; Fur. 302 n. 35 points to a v.l. θύραξ, which would prove Pre-Greek origin (Fur. gives more examples of ω\/υ; I think that Pre-Gr. u often was rendered by ω, as it did not have a phoneme ω, nor ο); the suffix -ᾱκ- is very frequent in Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,700Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θώραξ
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20 κόρη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `young girl, daughter', metaph. `pupil', archit. `female figure', also name of the daughter of Persephone (IA., Arc.); on the contents Kerényi Paideuma 1, 341ff. (h. Cer. 439). Zumbach Neuerungen 57Compounds: Some compp., e. g. κορο-πλάθος m. `sculptor of semale figures' (Att.).Derivatives: Several diminut.: κόριον, Dor. (Megar.) κώριον (Ar., Theoc.) with κορίδιον (Delphi, Naupaktos); κορίσκη (Pl. Com.) with - ίσκιον (Poll.); also Κορίσκος m. name of an arbitrary man (Arist.), also as PN (D. L.); κοράσιον (hell.; Schwyzer 471 n. 5) with - ασίδιον (Arr.), - ασίς (Steph. Med.), - ασιώδης (Com. Adesp., Plu.); κόριλλα, Κόριννα (Boeot.; Chantraine Formation 252 u. 205); κορύδιον (Naupaktos). - Adjectives: κουρίδιος (Ion. Il.), prop. `of a young lady, untouched', then `matrimonial, lawfull' ( ἄλοχος, πόσις, λέχος a. o.; on the meaning Bechtel Lex. s. v., on the formation Schwyzer 467, Chantraine Formation 40); κουρήϊος `of a young lady' (h. Cer. 108; Zumbach Neuerungen 14); Κόρειος `of Κόρη', Κόρειον, -α pl. `temple', resp. `feast of Κόρη' (Attica, Plu.); κοραῖος `of a girl' (Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7, 8), κορικός `id.' (hell.; Chantraine Ét. sur le vocab. gr. 121). *Κορίτης (- τις) `servant of Κόρη' in Κορειτῆαι pl. for *Κοριτεῖαι `service of Κόρη?' (Lycosoura). - Verbs: κορεύομαι `pass one's maidenhood' (E.), `loose...' (Pherecyd.) with κόρευμα, κορεία maidenhood' (E., resp. D. Chr., AP); κορίζομαι prop. *"treat like a maiden (child)", `caress' (Ar.), ὑπο- κόρη `call with endearing names, address' (Pi., Att.). - Beside κόρη or perhaps formed from it (s. below): κόρος (trag., Pl. Lg., Plu.; also Dor.), ep. κοῦρος, Theoc. κῶρος m. `youth, boy, son' (Il.). Compp., e. g. ἄ-κουρος `without son' (η 64), κουρο-τρόφος `educating youths' (Od.); on Διόσκουροι s. v. - Derivv: κούρητες m. pl. `younge warrior' (Il.), Κουρῆτες, Dor. Κωρ- (Hes., Crete etc.) `Cureten', name of divine beings, which dance a weapon-dance around the Zeus child etc. (Hes. Fr. 198, Crete etc.) with Κουρητικός, - ῆτις, κουρητεύω, κουρητισμός (hell.); on the formation of κούρητες Schwyzer 499, Chantraine Formation 267; on the accent Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 106 (= Kl. Schr. 2, 1163); also v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 129 n. 1. To κοῦρος also κουρώδης `boy-like', prob. also κούριος `youthful' (Orph. A., Orac. ap. Paus. 9, 14, 3), κουροσύνη, -Dor. -α `youth' (Theoc., AP), - συνος `youthful' (AP). - κουρίζω `be a young man, maiden' (χ 185), `educate a youth' (Hes.), κουριζόμενος ὑμεναιούμενος H. -.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [577] *ḱerh₁- `grow'Etymology: The more limited attestation of masc. κοῦρος, κόρος compared with general κούρη, κόρη perhaps indicates that the masc. was an innovation to fem. PGr. *κόρϜα; s. Lommel Femininbildungen 7ff. As masc. counterpart there were e. g. παῖς and νεανίας. - That κόρϜα, *κόρϜος come from the root of κορέννυμι, is generally ccepted, but the exact jugment is difficult: prop. abstractformation, as "growth, flourishing, blossom"? The meaning `sprout, branch' for κόρος (rare: Lysipp. 9, Hp. ap. Gal. 19, 113) is hardly very old, but developed from `son' or the like (or from κείρω?, s. on κοῦρος). Note κόρυξ νεανίσκος H. (beside κόριψ `id.' and Κόρυψ Boeot. PN, s. Bechtel Namenstudien 29f.), which may have an intermediate u-stem; Specht Ursprung 148. Further s. κορέννυμι. - κοῦρος not with Bezzenberger, Fick and Bechtel (s. Lex. s. v.) to Lith. šárvas `armament', κόρυς `helm'; s. Kretschmer Glotta 8, 254.Page in Frisk: 1,920-921Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόρη
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